During pregnancy, red blood cells from the unborn baby can cross into the mother's blood through the placenta.

If the mother is Rh-negative, her immune system treats Rh-positive fetal cells as if they were a foreign substance. The mother's body makes antibodies against the fetal blood cells. These antibodies may cross back through the placenta into the developing baby. They destroy the baby's circulating red blood cells.

When red blood cells are broken down, they make bilirubin. This causes an infant to become yellow (jaundiced). The level of bilirubin in the infant's blood may range from mild to dangerously high.

Firstborn infants are often not affected unless the mother had past miscarriages or abortions. This would sensitize her immune system. This is because it takes time for the mother to develop antibodies. All children she has later who are also Rh-positive may be affected.

Rh incompatibility develops only when the mother is Rh-negative and the infant is Rh-positive. This problem has become less common in places that provide good prenatal care. This is because special immune globulins called RhoGHAM are routinely used.

Rh incompatibility can cause symptoms ranging from very mild to deadly. In its mildest form, Rh incompatibility causes the destruction of red blood cells. There are no other effects.

After birth, the infant may have:

• Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice)
• Low muscle tone (hypotonia) and lethargy

Before delivery, the mother may have more amniotic fluid around her unborn baby (polyhydramnios).

Polyhydramnios

Polyhydramnios occurs when too much amniotic fluid builds up during pregnancy. It is also called amniotic fluid disorder, or hydramnios.

Image

##RemoveMe##

Read Article Now Book Mark Article

There may be:

• A positive direct Coombs test result
• Higher-than-normal levels of bilirubin in the baby's umbilical cord blood
• Signs of red blood cell destruction in the infant's blood

Rh incompatibility can be prevented with the use of RhoGAM. Therefore, prevention remains the best treatment. Treatment of an infant who is already affected depends on the severity of the condition.

Infants with mild Rh incompatibility may be treated with phototherapy using bilirubin lights. IV immune globulin may be also be used. For infants severely affected, an exchange transfusion of blood may be needed. This is to decrease the levels of bilirubin in the blood.

Full recovery is expected for mild Rh incompatibility.

Complications may include:

• Brain damage due to high levels of bilirubin (kernicterus)
• Fluid buildup and swelling in the baby (hydrops fetalis)
• Problems with mental function, movement, hearing, speech, and seizures

Call your health care provider if you think or know you are pregnant and have not yet seen a provider.

Rh incompatibility is almost completely preventable. Rh-negative mothers should be followed closely by their providers during pregnancy.

Special immune globulins, called RhoGAM, are now used to prevent RH incompatibility in mothers who are Rh-negative.

If the father of the infant is Rh-positive or if his blood type is not known, the mother is given an injection of RhoGAM during the second trimester. If the baby is Rh-positive, the mother will get a second injection within a few days after delivery.

These injections prevent the development of antibodies against Rh-positive blood. However, women with Rh-negative blood type must get injections:

• During every pregnancy
• After a miscarriage or abortion
• After prenatal tests such as amniocentesis and chorionic villus biopsy
• After injury to the abdomen during pregnancy