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Bone marrow aspiration

Iliac crest tap; Sternal tap; Leukemia - bone marrow aspiration; Aplastic anemia - bone marrow aspiration; Myelodysplastic syndrome - bone marrow aspiration; Thrombocytopenia - bone marrow aspiration; Myelofibrosis - bone marrow aspiration

 

Bone marrow is the soft tissue inside bones that helps form blood cells. It is found in the hollow part of most bones. Bone marrow aspiration is the removal of a small amount of this tissue in liquid form for examination.

Bone marrow aspiration is not the same as bone marrow biopsy . A biopsy removes actual marrow for examination.

How the Test is Performed

 

Bone marrow aspiration may be done in the health care provider's office or in a hospital. The bone marrow is removed from your pelvic or breast bone. Sometimes, another bone is selected.

Marrow is removed in the following steps:

  • If needed, you are given medicine to help you relax.
  • The provider cleans the skin and injects numbing medicine into the area and surface of the bone.
  • A special needle is inserted into the bone. The needle has a tube attached to it, which creates suction. A small sample of bone marrow fluid flows into the tube.
  • The needle is removed.
  • Pressure and then a bandage are applied to the skin.

The bone marrow fluid is sent to a laboratory and examined under a microscope.

 

How to Prepare for the Test

 

Tell the provider:

  • If you are allergic to any medicines
  • If you are pregnant
  • If you have bleeding problems
  • What medicines you are taking

 

How the Test will Feel

 

You will feel a sting and slight burning sensation when the numbing medicine is applied. You may feel pressure as the needle is inserted into the bone, and a sharp and usually painful sucking sensation as the marrow is removed. This feeling lasts for only a few seconds.

 

Why the Test is Performed

 

Your doctor may order this test if you have abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells or platelets on a complete blood count.

This test is used to diagnose:

  • Anemia (some types)
  • Infections
  • Leukemia
  • Other blood cancers and disorders

It may help determine whether cancers have spread or responded to treatment.

 

Normal Results

 

The bone marrow should contain the proper number and types of:

  • Blood-forming cells
  • Connective tissues
  • Fat cells

 

What Abnormal Results Mean

 

Abnormal results may be due to cancers of the bone marrow, including:

  • Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
  • Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
  • Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
  • Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

Abnormal results may also be due to other causes, such as:

  • Bone marrow doesn't make enough blood cells (aplastic anemia)
  • Bacterial or fungal infections that have spread throughout the body
  • Cancer of the lymph tissue (Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin lymphoma )
  • A bleeding disorder called idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
  • Blood cancer called ( multiple myeloma )
  • Disorder in which the bone marrow is replaced by scar tissue ( myelofibrosis )
  • Disorder in which not enough healthy blood cells are made (myelodysplastic syndrome; MDS)
  • Abnormally low amount of platelets, which help blood to clot (primary thrombocytopenia )
  • White blood cell cancer called Waldenström macroglobulinemia

 

Risks

 

There may be some bleeding at the puncture site. More serious risks, such as serious bleeding or infection, are very rare.

 

 

Open References

References

Chernecky CC, Berger BJ. Bone marrow aspiration analysis – specimen (biopsy, bone marrow iron stain, iron stain, bone marrow). In: Chernecky CC, Berger BJ, eds. Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures . 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2013:241-244.

Vajpayee N, Graham SS, Bem S. Basic examination of blood and bone marrow. In: McPherson RA, Pincus MR, eds. Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods . 23rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2017:chap 30.

 
  • Bone marrow aspiration

    Bone marrow aspiration - illustration

    A small amount of bone marrow is removed during a bone marrow aspiration. The procedure is uncomfortable, but can be tolerated by both children and adults. The marrow can be studied to determine the cause of anemia, the presence of leukemia or other malignancy, or the presence of some storage diseases, in which abnormal metabolic products are stored in certain bone marrow cells.

    Bone marrow aspiration

    illustration

  • Sternum - view of the outside (anterior)

    Sternum - view of the outside (anterior) - illustration

    During a sternal tap, a thin needle is inserted into the sternum (shown here) to withdraw bone marrow.

    Sternum - view of the outside (anterior)

    illustration

    • Bone marrow aspiration

      Bone marrow aspiration - illustration

      A small amount of bone marrow is removed during a bone marrow aspiration. The procedure is uncomfortable, but can be tolerated by both children and adults. The marrow can be studied to determine the cause of anemia, the presence of leukemia or other malignancy, or the presence of some storage diseases, in which abnormal metabolic products are stored in certain bone marrow cells.

      Bone marrow aspiration

      illustration

    • Sternum - view of the outside (anterior)

      Sternum - view of the outside (anterior) - illustration

      During a sternal tap, a thin needle is inserted into the sternum (shown here) to withdraw bone marrow.

      Sternum - view of the outside (anterior)

      illustration

    A Closer Look

     

      Self Care

       

        Tests for Bone marrow aspiration

         
         

        Review Date: 5/20/2016

        Reviewed By: Todd Gersten, MD, Hematology/Oncology, Florida Cancer Specialists & Research Institute, Wellington, FL. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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