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Autonomic dysreflexia

Autonomic hyperreflexia; Spinal cord injury - autonomic dysreflexia; SCI - autonomic dysreflexia

 

Autonomic dysreflexia is an abnormal, overreaction of the involuntary (autonomic) nervous system to stimulation. This reaction may include:

  • Change in heart rate
  • Excessive sweating
  • High blood pressure
  • Muscle spasms
  • Skin color changes (paleness, redness, blue-gray skin color)

Causes

 

The most common cause of autonomic dysreflexia (AD) is spinal cord injury. The nervous system of people with AD over-responds to the types of stimulation that do not bother healthy people.

Other causes include:

  • Guillain-Barré syndrome (disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks part of the nervous system)
  • Side effects of some medicines
  • Severe head trauma and other brain injuries
  • Subarachnoid hemorrhage (a form of brain bleeding)
  • Use of illegal stimulant drugs such as cocaine and amphetamines

 

Symptoms

 

Symptoms can include any of the following:

  • Anxiety or worry
  • Bladder or bowel problems
  • Blurry vision, widened (dilated) pupils
  • Lightheadedness, dizziness, or fainting
  • Fever
  • Goosebumps, flushed (red) skin above the level of the spinal cord injury
  • Heavy sweating
  • High blood pressure
  • Irregular heartbeat, slow or fast pulse
  • Muscle spasms, especially in the jaw
  • Nasal congestion
  • Throbbing headache

Sometimes there are no symptoms, even with a dangerous rise in blood pressure.

 

Exams and Tests

 

The health care provider will do a complete nervous system and medical examination. Tell the provider about all the medicines you are taking now and that you took in the past. This helps determine which tests you need.

Tests may include:

  • Blood and urine tests
  • CT or MRI scan
  • EKG (measurement of the heart's electrical activity)
  • Lumbar puncture
  • Tilt-table testing (testing of blood pressure as the body position changes)
  • Toxicology screening (tests for any drugs, including medicines, in your bloodstream)
  • X-rays

Other conditions share many symptoms with AD, but have a different cause. So the exam and testing help the provider rule out these other conditions, including:

  • Carcinoid syndrome (tumors of the small intestine, colon, appendix, and bronchial tubes in the lungs)
  • Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (a condition caused by some medicines that leads to muscle stiffness, high fever, and drowsiness)
  • Pheochromocytoma (tumor of the adrenal gland)
  • Serotonin syndrome (drug reaction that causes the body to have too much serotonin, a chemical produced by nerve cells)
  • Thyroid storm (life-threatening condition from an overactive thyroid)

 

Treatment

 

AD is life threatening, so it is important to quickly find and treat the problem.

A person with symptoms of AD should:

  • Sit up and raise the head
  • Remove tight clothing

Proper treatment depends on the cause. If medicines or illegal drugs are causing the symptoms, those drugs must be stopped. Any illness needs to be treated. For example, the provider will check for a blocked urinary catheter and signs of constipation.

If a slowing of the heart rate is causing AD, drugs called anticholinergics (such as atropine) may be used.

Very high blood pressure needs to be treated quickly but carefully, because the blood pressure can drop suddenly.

A pacemaker may be needed for an unstable heart rhythm.

 

Outlook (Prognosis)

 

Outlook depends on the cause.

People with AD due to a medicine usually recover when that medicine is stopped. When AD is caused by other factors, recovery depends on how well the disease can be treated.

 

Possible Complications

 

Complications may occur due to side effects of medicines used to treat the condition. Long-term, severe high blood pressure may cause seizures, bleeding in the eyes, stroke, or death.

 

When to Contact a Medical Professional

 

Call your provider right away if you have symptoms of AD.

 

Prevention

 

To prevent AD, DO NOT take medicines that cause this condition or make it worse.

In people with spinal cord injury, the following may also help prevent AD:

  • DO NOT let the bladder become too full
  • Pain should be controlled
  • Practice proper bowel care to avoid stool impaction
  • Practice proper skin care to avoid bedsores and skin infections
  • Prevent bladder infections

 

 

Open References

References

Cheshire WP. Autonomic disorders and their management. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman's Cecil Medicine . 25th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016:chap 418.

Cowan H. Autonomic dysreflexia in spinal cord injury. Nurs Times . 2015;111(44):22-24. PMID: 26665385 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26665385 .

Johnson ME. Autonomic dysreflexia. In: Murray MJ, Harrison BA, Mueller JT, Rose SH, Wass CT, Wedel DJ, eds. Faust's Anesthesiology Review . 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2015:chap 178.

 
  • Central nervous system

    Central nervous system - illustration

    The central nervous system is comprised of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system includes all peripheral nerves.

    Central nervous system

    illustration

    • Central nervous system

      Central nervous system - illustration

      The central nervous system is comprised of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system includes all peripheral nerves.

      Central nervous system

      illustration

    Self Care

     
       

      Review Date: 5/30/2016

      Reviewed By: Amit M. Shelat, DO, FACP, Attending Neurologist and Assistant Professor of Clinical Neurology, SUNY Stony Brook, School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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