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Spinal cord abscess

Abscess - spinal cord

 

Spinal cord abscess is the swelling and irritation (inflammation) and the collection of infected material (pus) and germs in or around the spinal cord.

Causes

 

A spinal cord abscess is caused by an infection inside the spine. An abscess of the spinal cord itself is very rare. A spinal abscess usually occurs as a complication of an epidural abscess .

Pus forms as a collection of:

  • Destroyed tissue cells
  • Fluid
  • Live and dead bacteria or other microorganisms
  • White blood cells

The pus is commonly covered by a lining or membrane that forms around the edges. The pus collection causes pressure on the spinal cord.

The infection is usually due to bacteria. Often it is caused by a staphylococcus infection that spreads through the spine. It may be caused by tuberculosis in some areas of the world, but this is not as common today as it was in the past. In rare cases, the infection may be due to a fungus.

The following increase your risk of a spinal cord abscess:

  • Back injuries or trauma, including minor ones
  • Boils on the skin, especially on the back or scalp
  • Complication of lumbar puncture or back surgery
  • Spread of any infection through the bloodstream from another part of the body ( bacteremia )
  • Injecting drugs

The infection often begins in the bone ( osteomyelitis ). The bone infection may cause an epidural abscess to form. This abscess gets larger and presses on the spinal cord. The infection can spread to the cord itself.

A spinal cord abscess is rare. When it does occur, it can be life threatening.

 

Symptoms

 

Symptoms may include any of the following:

  • Fever and chills
  • Loss of bladder or bowel control
  • Loss of movement of an area of the body below the abscess
  • Loss of sensation of an area of the body below the abscess
  • Low backache, often mild, but slowly gets worse, with pain moving to the hip, leg, or feet. Or, pain may spread to the shoulder, arm, or hand

 

Exams and Tests

 

The health care provider will perform a physical exam and may find the following:

  • Tenderness over the spine
  • Spinal cord compression
  • Paralysis of the lower body (paraplegia) or of the entire trunk, arms, and legs (quadriplegia)
  • Changes in sensation below the area where the spine is affected

The amount of nerve loss depends on where the abscess is located on the spine and how much it is compressing the spinal cord.

Tests that may be done include:

  • Complete blood count
  • CT scan of the spine
  • Draining of abscess
  • Gram stain and culture of abscess material
  • MRI of the spine

 

Treatment

 

The goals of treatment are to relieve pressure on the spinal cord and cure the infection.

Surgery may be done right away to relieve the pressure. It involves removing part of the spine bone and draining the abscess. Sometimes it is not possible to drain the abscess completely.

Antibiotics are used to treat the infection. They are usually given through a vein (IV).

 

Outlook (Prognosis)

 

How well a person does after treatment varies. Some people recover completely.

An untreated spinal cord abscess can lead to spinal cord compression . It can cause permanent, severe paralysis and nerve loss. It may be life threatening.

If the abscess is not drained completely, it may return or cause scarring in the spinal cord.

 

Possible Complications

 

The abscess can injure the spinal cord from direct pressure. Or it can cut off the blood supply to the spinal cord.

Complications may include:

  • Infection returns
  • Long-term (chronic) back pain
  • Loss of bladder/bowel control
  • Loss of sensation
  • Male impotence
  • Weakness, paralysis

 

When to Contact a Medical Professional

 

Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911), if you have symptoms of spinal cord abscess.

 

Prevention

 

Thorough treatment of boils, tuberculosis, and other infections decreases the risk. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent complications.

 

 

Open References

References

Camillo FX. Infections and tumors of the spine. In: Azar FM, Beaty JH, Canale ST, eds. Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics . 13th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2017:chap 42.

Kusuma S, Klineberg EO. Spinal infections: diagnosis and treatment of discitis, osteomyelitis, and epidural abscess. In: Steinmetz MP, Benzel EC, eds. Benzel's Spine Surgery . 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2017:chap 122.

 
  • Vertebrae

    Vertebrae - illustration

    The vertebral column is made up of 26 bones that provide axial support to the trunk. The vertebral column provides protection to the spinal cord, which runs through its central cavity. Between each vertebra is an intervertebral disk, which acts as a shock absorber.

    Vertebrae

    illustration

  • Central nervous system

    Central nervous system - illustration

    The central nervous system is comprised of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system includes all peripheral nerves.

    Central nervous system

    illustration

    • Vertebrae

      Vertebrae - illustration

      The vertebral column is made up of 26 bones that provide axial support to the trunk. The vertebral column provides protection to the spinal cord, which runs through its central cavity. Between each vertebra is an intervertebral disk, which acts as a shock absorber.

      Vertebrae

      illustration

    • Central nervous system

      Central nervous system - illustration

      The central nervous system is comprised of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system includes all peripheral nerves.

      Central nervous system

      illustration

    A Closer Look

     

      Self Care

       

        Tests for Spinal cord abscess

         
         

        Review Date: 11/14/2016

        Reviewed By: Jatin M. Vyas, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Assistant in Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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