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Kyphosis

Scheuermann disease; Roundback; Hunchback; Postural kyphosis; Neck pain - kyphosis

 

Kyphosis is a curving of the spine that causes a bowing or rounding of the back. This leads to a hunchback or slouching posture.

Causes

 

Kyphosis can occur at any age, although it is rare at birth.

A type of kyphosis that occurs in young teens is known as Scheuermann disease. It is caused by the wedging together of several bones of the spine (vertebrae) in a row. The cause of this condition is unknown.

In adults, kyphosis can be caused by:

  • Degenerative diseases of the spine (such as arthritis or disk degeneration)
  • Fractures caused by osteoporosis (osteoporotic compression fractures)
  • Injury (trauma)
  • Slipping of one vertebra forward on another ( spondylolisthesis )

Other causes of kyphosis include:

  • Certain hormone ( endocrine ) diseases
  • Connective tissue disorders
  • Infection (such as tuberculosis )
  • Muscular dystrophy (group of inherited disorders that cause muscle weakness and loss of muscle tissue)
  • Neurofibromatosis (disorder in which nerve tissue tumors form)
  • Paget disease (disorder that involves abnormal bone destruction and regrowth)
  • Polio
  • Scoliosis (curving of the spine often looks like a C or S)
  • Spina bifida (birth defect in which the backbone and spinal canal don't close before birth)
  • Tumors

 

Symptoms

 

Pain in the middle or lower back is the most common symptom. Other symptoms may include any of the following:

  • Difficulty breathing (in severe cases)
  • Fatigue
  • Round back appearance
  • Tenderness and stiffness in the spine

 

Exams and Tests

 

Physical examination by a health care provider confirms the abnormal curve of the spine. The provider will also look for any nervous system (neurological) changes. These include weakness, paralysis, or changes in sensation below the curve.

Tests that may be ordered include:

  • Spine x-ray
  • Pulmonary function tests (if kyphosis affects breathing)
  • MRI (if there may be a tumor, infection, or nervous system symptoms)
  • Bone density test (if there may be osteoporosis)

 

Treatment

 

Treatment depends on the cause of the disorder:

  • Congenital kyphosis needs corrective surgery at an early age.
  • Scheuermann disease is treated with a brace and physical therapy. Sometimes surgery is needed for large (greater than 60 degrees), painful curves.
  • Compression fractures from osteoporosis can be left alone if there are no nervous system problems or pain. But the osteoporosis needs to be treated to help prevent future fractures. For severe deformity or pain from osteoporosis, surgery is an option.
  • Kyphosis caused by infection or tumor needs prompt treatment, often with surgery and medicines.

Treatment for other types of kyphosis depends on the cause. Surgery is needed if nervous system symptoms or constant pain develop.

 

Outlook (Prognosis)

 

Young teens with Scheuermann disease tend to do well, even if they need surgery. The disease stops once they stop growing. If the kyphosis is due to degenerative joint disease or multiple compression fractures, surgery is needed to correct the defect and improve pain.

 

Possible Complications

 

Untreated kyphosis can cause any of the following:

  • Decreased lung capacity
  • Disabling back pain
  • Nervous system symptoms, including leg weakness or paralysis
  • Round back deformity

 

Prevention

 

Treating and preventing osteoporosis can prevent many cases of kyphosis in older adults. Early diagnosis and bracing for Scheuermann disease can reduce the need for surgery, but there is no way to prevent the disease.

 

 

Open References

References

Johnston CE. Kyphosis. In: Herring JA, ed. Tachdjian's Pediatric Orthopaedics . 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2014:chap 13.

Magee DJ. Thoracic (dorsal) spine. In: Magee DJ, ed. Orthopedic Physical Assessment . 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2014:chap 8.

Warner WC, Sawyer JR, Kelly DM. Scoliosis and kyphosis. In: Canale ST, Beaty JH, eds. Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics . 12th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Mosby; 2013:chap 41.

 
  • Skeletal spine

    Skeletal spine - illustration

    The spine is divided into several sections. The cervical vertebrae make up the neck. The thoracic vertebrae comprise the chest section and have ribs attached. The lumbar vertebrae are the remaining vertebrae below the last thoracic bone and the top of the sacrum. The sacral vertebrae are caged within the bones of the pelvis, and the coccyx represents the terminal vertebrae or vestigial tail.

    Skeletal spine

    illustration

  • Kyphosis

    Kyphosis - illustration

    Kyphosis is a curving of the spine that causes a bowing of the back, such that the apex of the angle points backwards leading to a hunchback or slouching posture.

    Kyphosis

    illustration

    • Skeletal spine

      Skeletal spine - illustration

      The spine is divided into several sections. The cervical vertebrae make up the neck. The thoracic vertebrae comprise the chest section and have ribs attached. The lumbar vertebrae are the remaining vertebrae below the last thoracic bone and the top of the sacrum. The sacral vertebrae are caged within the bones of the pelvis, and the coccyx represents the terminal vertebrae or vestigial tail.

      Skeletal spine

      illustration

    • Kyphosis

      Kyphosis - illustration

      Kyphosis is a curving of the spine that causes a bowing of the back, such that the apex of the angle points backwards leading to a hunchback or slouching posture.

      Kyphosis

      illustration

    Tests for Kyphosis

     
       

      Review Date: 9/22/2016

      Reviewed By: C. Benjamin Ma, MD, Professor, Chief, Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, UCSF Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, San Francisco, CA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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