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Pyruvate kinase deficiency

PK deficiency; PKD

 

Pyruvate kinase deficiency is an inherited lack of the enzyme pyruvate kinase, which is used by red blood cells. Without this enzyme, red blood cells break down too easily, resulting in a low level of these cells ( hemolytic anemia ).

Causes

 

Pyruvate kinase deficiency (PKD) is passed down as an autosomal recessive trait. This means that a child must receive a non-working gene from each parent to develop the disorder.

There are many different types of enzyme-related defects of the red blood cell that can cause hemolytic anemia. PKD is the second most common cause, after glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency .

PKD is found in people of all ethnic backgrounds. But, certain populations, such as the Amish, are more likely to develop the condition.

 

Symptoms

 

Symptoms of PKD include:

  • Low count of healthy red blood cells ( anemia )
  • Swelling of the spleen ( splenomegaly )
  • Yellow color of the skin, mucous membranes, or white part of the eyes ( jaundice )
  • Neurologic condition, called kernicterus , that affects the brain
  • Fatigue, lethargy
  • Pale skin ( pallor )
  • In infants, not gaining weight and growing as expected ( failure to thrive )
  • Gallstones, usually in the teens and older

 

Exams and Tests

 

The health care provider will perform a physical exam and ask about and check for symptoms such as an enlarged spleen . If PKD is suspected, tests that will likely be ordered include:

  • Bilirubin in the blood
  • CBC
  • Genetic testing for mutation in the pyruvate kinase gene
  • Haptoglobin blood test
  • Osmotic fragility
  • Pyruvate kinase activity
  • Stool urobilinogen

 

Treatment

 

People with severe anemia may need blood transfusions. Removing the spleen ( splenectomy ) may help reduce the destruction of red blood cells. But, this does not help in all cases. In newborns with a dangerous level of jaundice, the provider may recommend an exchange transfusion . This procedure involves slowly removing the infant's blood and replacing it with fresh donor blood or plasma.

Someone who had a splenectomy should receive the pneumococcal vaccine at recommended intervals. They also should receive preventive antibiotics until age 5.

 

Outlook (Prognosis)

 

The outcome varies. Some people have few or no symptoms. Others have severe symptoms. Treatment can usually make symptoms less severe.

 

Possible Complications

 

Gallstones are a common problem. They are made of too much bilirubin, which is produced during hemolytic anemia. Severe pneumococcal disease is a possible complication after splenectomy.

 

When to Contact a Medical Professional

 

See your provider if:

  • You have jaundice (this is a symptom of many severe illnesses).
  • You have a family history of this disorder and are planning to have children. Genetic counseling can help you know how likely it will be that your child would have PKD. You can also learn about tests that check for genetic disorders, such as PKD, so that you can decide if you'd like to have these tests.

 

 

Open References

References

Mentzer WC. Pyruvate kinase deficiency and disorders of glycolysis. In: Orkin SH, Fisher DE, Ginsburg D, Look AT, Lux SE, Nathan DG, eds. Nathan and Oski's Hematology and Oncology of Infancy and Childhood . 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saundres; 2015:chap 17.

Segel GB. Enzymatic defects. In: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St Geme JW, Schor NF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics . 20th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2015:chap 463.1.

 

        A Closer Look

         

          Tests for Pyruvate kinase deficiency

           
           

          Review Date: 10/27/2015

          Reviewed By: Chad Haldeman-Englert, MD, FACMG, Fullerton Genetics Center, Asheville, NC. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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