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Retinal artery occlusion

Central retinal artery occlusion; Branch retinal artery occlusion; CRAO; BRAO; Vision loss - retinal artery occlusion; Blurry vision - retinal artery occlusion

 

Retinal artery occlusion is a blockage in one of the small arteries that carry blood to the retina . The retina is a layer of tissue in the back of the eye that is able to sense light.

Causes

 

Retinal arteries may become blocked when a blood clot or fat deposits get stuck in the arteries. These blockages are more likely if there is hardening of the arteries ( atherosclerosis ) in the eye.

Clots may travel from other parts of the body and block an artery in the retina. The most common sources of clots are the heart and carotid artery in the neck.

Most blockages occur in people with conditions such as:

  • Carotid artery disease , in which the two large blood vessels in the neck become narrowed or blocked
  • Diabetes
  • Heart rhythm problem ( atrial fibrillation )
  • Heart valve problem
  • High levels of fat in the blood (hyperlipidemia)
  • High blood pressure
  • Intravenous drug abuse
  • Temporal arteritis (damage to arteries due to an immune response)

If a branch of the retinal artery is blocked, part of the retina will not receive enough blood and oxygen. If this happens, you may lose part of your vision.

 

Symptoms

 

Sudden blurring or loss of vision may occur in:

  • All of one eye (central retinal artery occlusion or CRAO)
  • Part of one eye (branch retinal artery occlusion or BRAO)

The retinal artery occlusion may last for only a few seconds or minutes, or it may be permanent.

A blood clot in the eye may be a warning sign of clots elsewhere. A clot in the brain may cause a stroke.

 

Exams and Tests

 

Tests to evaluate the retina may include:

  • Examination of the retina after dilating the pupil
  • Fluorescein angiography
  • Intraocular pressure
  • Pupil reflex response
  • Refraction
  • Retinal photography
  • Slit lamp examination
  • Testing of side vision (visual field examination)
  • Visual acuity

General tests should include:

  • Blood pressure
  • Blood tests, including cholesterol and triglyceride levels and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate
  • Physical examination

Tests to identify the source of a clot from another part of the body:

  • Echocardiogram
  • Electrocardiogram
  • Heart monitor for abnormal heart rhythm
  • Duplex Doppler ultrasound of the carotid arteries

 

Treatment

 

There is no proven treatment for vision loss that involves the whole eye, unless it is caused by another illness that can be treated.

Several treatments may be tried. To be helpful, these treatments must be given within 2 to 4 hours after symptoms begin. However, the benefit of these treatments has never been proven, and they are rarely used.

  • Breathing in (inhaling) a carbon dioxide-oxygen mixture. This treatment causes the arteries of the retina to widen (dilate).
  • Massage of the eye
  • The clot-busting drug, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

The health care provider should look for the cause of the blockage. Blockages may be signs of a life-threatening medical problem.

 

Outlook (Prognosis)

 

People with blockages of the retinal artery may not get their vision back.

 

Possible Complications

 

Complications may include:

  • Glaucoma (CRAO only)
  • Partial or complete loss of vision in the affected eye
  • Stroke (due to the same factors that contribute to retinal artery occlusion, not due to the occlusion itself)

 

When to Contact a Medical Professional

 

Call your provider if you have sudden blurring or vision loss.

 

Prevention

 

Measures used to prevent other blood vessel (vascular) diseases, such as coronary artery disease , may decrease the risk of retinal artery occlusion. These include:

  • Eating a low-fat diet
  • Exercising
  • Stopping smoking
  • Losing weight if you are overweight

Sometimes, blood thinners may be used to prevent the artery from becoming blocked again. Aspirin or other anti-clotting drugs are used if the problem is in the carotid arteries. Warfarin or other more potent blood thinners are used if the problem is in the heart.

 

 

Open References

References

Crouch ER, Crouch ER, Grant TR. Ophthalmology. In: Rakel RE, Rakel D, eds. Textbook of Family Medicine . 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:chap 17.

Duker JS. Retinal arterial obstruction. In: Yanoff M, Duker JS, eds. Ophthalmology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2014:chap 6.18.

Reiss GR, Sipperley JO, Gaitan JR. Glaucoma associated with retinal disorders and retinal surgery. In: Tasman W, Jaeger EA, eds. Duane's Clinical Ophthalmology . 2013 ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013:vol 3;chap 54E.

Sanborn GE, Magargal LE. Arterial obstructive disease of the eye. In: Tasman W, Jaeger EA, eds. Duane's Clinical Ophthalmology . 2013 ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013:vol 3;chap 14.

Yanoff M, Cameron D. Diseases of the visual system. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman's Cecil Medicine . 25th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016:chap 423.

 
  • Retina

    Retina - illustration

    The retina is the internal layer of the eye that receives and transmits focused images. The retina is normally red due to its rich blood supply.

    Retina

    illustration

    • Retina

      Retina - illustration

      The retina is the internal layer of the eye that receives and transmits focused images. The retina is normally red due to its rich blood supply.

      Retina

      illustration

    A Closer Look

     

      Talking to your MD

       

        Self Care

         

          Tests for Retinal artery occlusion

           
           

          Review Date: 3/15/2016

          Reviewed By: Franklin W. Lusby, MD, ophthalmologist, Lusby Vision Institute, La Jolla, CA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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