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Amblyopia
Lazy eye; Vision loss - amblyopia
Amblyopia is the loss of the ability to see clearly through one eye. It is also called "lazy eye." It is the most common cause of vision problems in children.
Causes
Amblyopia occurs when the nerve pathway from one eye to the brain does not develop during childhood. This problem develops because the abnormal eye sends a blurred image or the wrong image to the brain.
This confuses the brain, and the brain may learn to ignore the image from the weaker eye.
Strabismus (crossed eyes) is the most common cause of amblyopia. There is often a family history of this condition.
Strabismus
Strabismus is a disorder in which both eyes do not line up in the same direction. Therefore, they do not look at the same object at the same time. ...
The term "lazy eye" refers to amblyopia, which often occurs along with strabismus. However, amblyopia can occur without strabismus. Also, people can have strabismus without amblyopia.
Other causes include:
- Childhood cataracts
-
Farsightedness
,
nearsightedness
, or
astigmatism
, especially if it is greater in one eye
Farsightedness
Farsightedness is having a harder time seeing object that are close than things that are far away.
ImageRead Article Now Book Mark ArticleNearsightedness
Nearsightedness is when light entering the eye is focused incorrectly. This makes distant objects appear blurred. Nearsightedness is a type of refr...
ImageRead Article Now Book Mark ArticleAstigmatism
Astigmatism is a type of refractive error of the eye. Refractive errors cause blurred vision. They are the most common reason why a person goes to ...
ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article
Symptoms
Symptoms of the condition include:
- Eyes that turn in or out
- Eyes that do not appear to work together
- Inability to judge depth correctly
- Poor vision in one eye
Exams and Tests
In most cases, amblyopia can be detected with a complete eye exam. Special tests are not often needed.
Treatment
The first step will be to correct any eye condition that is causing poor vision in the amblyopic eye (such as cataracts).
Children with a refractive error (nearsightedness, farsightedness, or astigmatism) will need glasses.
Next, a patch is placed on the normal eye. This forces the brain to recognize the image from the eye with amblyopia. Sometimes, drops are used to blur the vision of the normal eye instead of putting a patch on it.
Children whose vision will not fully recover, and those with only one good eye due to any disorder should wear glasses. These glasses should be shatter- and scratch-resistant.
Outlook (Prognosis)
Children who get treated before age 5 almost always recover vision that is close to normal. However, they may continue to have problems with depth perception.
Permanent vision problems may result if treatment is delayed. Children treated after age 10 can expect vision to recover only partially.
Possible Complications
Complications may include:
- Eye muscle problems that may require several surgeries
- Permanent vision loss in the affected eye
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Call your health care provider or ophthalmologist if you suspect a vision problem in a young child.
Prevention
Identifying and treating the problem early prevents children from having permanent visual loss. All children should have a complete eye exam at least once between ages 3 and 5.
Special methods are used to measure vision in a child who is too young to speak. Most eye care professionals can perform these techniques.
References
Diamond GR, Shah RM. Amblyopia. In: Yanoff M, Duker JS, eds. Ophthalmology . 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2014:chap 11.12.
Olitsky SE, Coats DK. Amblyopia and its management. In: Tasman W, Jaeger EA, eds. Duane's Ophthalmology. 2013 ed . Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013:vol 1, chap 10.
Olitsky SE, Hug D, Plummer LS, Stahl ED, Ariss MM, Lindquist TP. Disorders of eye movement and alignment. In: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St. Geme JW, Schor NF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics . 20th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:chap 623.
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Visual acuity test - illustration
Visual acuity tests may be performed in many different ways. It is a quick way to detect vision problems and is frequently used in schools or for mass screening. Driver license bureaus often use a small device that can test the eyes both together and individually.
Visual acuity test
illustration
-
Walleyes - illustration
People are very sensitive to other individuals' eye positions. By looking at another person's eye position, one can very effectively gauge where they are looking. People are also sensitive to eyes that are not looking in the same direction, which is referred to as crossed eyes (strabismus). Other more specific medical terms refer to eyes turned either outward or inward, or that are abnormally rotated. Any appearance of crossed eyes in young children should be immediately evaluated, as should recent onset of crossed eyes in an adult.
Walleyes
illustration
-
Visual acuity test - illustration
Visual acuity tests may be performed in many different ways. It is a quick way to detect vision problems and is frequently used in schools or for mass screening. Driver license bureaus often use a small device that can test the eyes both together and individually.
Visual acuity test
illustration
-
Walleyes - illustration
People are very sensitive to other individuals' eye positions. By looking at another person's eye position, one can very effectively gauge where they are looking. People are also sensitive to eyes that are not looking in the same direction, which is referred to as crossed eyes (strabismus). Other more specific medical terms refer to eyes turned either outward or inward, or that are abnormally rotated. Any appearance of crossed eyes in young children should be immediately evaluated, as should recent onset of crossed eyes in an adult.
Walleyes
illustration
Review Date: 8/20/2016
Reviewed By: Franklin W. Lusby, MD, ophthalmologist, Lusby Vision Institute, La Jolla, CA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
