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Fifth disease
Parvovirus B19; Erythema infectiosum; Slapped cheek rash
Fifth disease is caused by a virus that leads to a rash on the cheeks, arms, and legs.
Causes
Fifth disease is caused by human parvovirus B19. It often affects preschoolers or school-age children during the spring. The disease spreads through the fluids in the nose and mouth when someone coughs or sneezes.
The disease causes a tell-tale bright-red rash on the cheeks. The rash also spreads to the body and can cause other symptoms.
You can get fifth disease and not have any symptoms. About 20% of people who get the virus do not have symptoms.
Symptoms
Early symptoms of fifth disease include:
- Fever
- Headache
- Runny nose
This is followed by a rash on the face and body:
Rash
Rashes involve changes in the color, feeling or texture of your skin.
- The tell-tale sign of this illness is bright-red cheeks. This is often called a "slapped-cheek" rash.
- The rash appears on the arms and legs and middle of the body, and it may itch.
- The rash comes and goes and most often disappears in about 2 weeks. It fades from the center outwards, so it looks lacy.
Some people also have joint pain and swelling. This more commonly occurs in adult women.
Exams and Tests
Your health care provider will examine the rash. Most often this is enough to diagnose the disease.
Your provider can also do blood tests to look for signs of the virus, although it is not needed in most cases.
The provider may choose to do a blood test in certain situations, such as for pregnant women or people with anemia.
Treatment
There is no treatment for fifth disease. The virus will clear up on its own in a couple of weeks. If your child has joint pain or an itchy rash, talk with your child's provider about ways to ease symptoms. Acetaminophen (such as Tylenol) for children can help relieve joint pain.
Outlook (Prognosis)
Most children and adults have only mild symptoms and recover completely.
Possible Complications
Fifth disease does not often cause complications in most people.
If you are pregnant and think you may have been exposed to someone with the virus, tell your provider. Usually there is no problem. Most pregnant women are immune to the virus. Your provider can test you to see if you are immune.
Women who are not immune most often only have mild symptoms. However, the virus can cause anemia in an unborn baby and even cause miscarriage. This is uncommon and occurs only in a small percentage of women. It is more likely in the first half of pregnancy.
There is also a higher risk of complications in people with:
- A weak immune system, such as from cancer, leukemia, or HIV infection
- Certain blood problems such as sickle cell anemia
Fifth disease can cause severe anemia , which will need medical treatment.
Anemia
Anemia is a condition in which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells. Red blood cells provide oxygen to body tissues. Different type...
When to Contact a Medical Professional
You should call your provider if:
- Your child has symptoms of fifth disease.
- You are pregnant and think you may have been exposed to the virus or you have a rash.
References
Brown KE. Human parvoviruses, including parvovirus B19V and human bocaparvoviruses. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases . 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2015:chap 149.
Koch WC. Parvoviruses. In: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St Geme JW, Schor NF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics . 20th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:chap 251.
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Fifth disease - illustration
Fifth disease is an acute viral disease characterized by mild symptoms and a blotchy rash beginning on the cheeks and spreading to the extremities.
Fifth disease
illustration
Review Date: 7/10/2015
Reviewed By: Neil K. Kaneshiro, MD, MHA, Clinical Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
