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Vascular dementia

MID; Dementia - multi-infarct; Dementia - post-stroke; Multi-infarct dementia; Cortical vascular dementia; VaD; Chronic brain syndrome - vascular; Mild cognitive impairment - vascular; MCI - vascular

 

Dementia is a gradual and permanent loss of brain function. This occurs with certain diseases. It affects memory, thinking, language, judgment, and behavior.

Vascular dementia (VaD) is caused by a series of small strokes over a long period.

Causes

 

VaD dementia is the second most common cause of dementia after Alzheimer disease in people over age 65.

Vascular dementia is caused by a series of small strokes .

  • A stroke is a disturbance in or blockage of the blood supply to any part of the brain. A stroke is also called an infarct. Multi-infarct means that more than 1 area in the brain has been injured due to a lack of blood.
  • If blood flow is stopped for longer than a few seconds, the brain cannot get oxygen. Brain cells can die, causing permanent damage.
  • When strokes affect a small area, there may be no symptoms. These are called silent strokes. Over time, as more areas of the brain are damaged, the symptoms of dementia appear.
  • Not all strokes are silent. Larger strokes that affect strength, sensation, or other brain and nervous system (neurologic) function can also lead to dementia.

Risk factors for VaD include:

  • Diabetes
  • Hardening of the arteries ( atherosclerosis )
  • High blood pressure ( hypertension )
  • Smoking
  • Stroke

Symptoms of dementia may also be caused by other types of disorders of the brain. One such disorder is Alzheimer disease. Symptoms of Alzheimer disease can be similar to those of VaD. VaD and Alzheimer disease are the most common causes of dementia, and may occur together.

 

Symptoms

 

Symptoms of VaD may develop gradually or may progress after each small stroke.

Symptoms may begin suddenly after each stroke. Some people with VaD may improve for short periods, but decline after having more silent strokes.

Early symptoms of dementia can include:

  • Difficulty performing tasks that used to come easily, such as balancing a checkbook, playing games (such as bridge), and learning new information or routines
  • Getting lost on familiar routes
  • Language problems, such as trouble finding the name of familiar objects
  • Losing interest in things you previously enjoyed, flat mood
  • Misplacing items
  • Personality changes and loss of social skills

As dementia worsens, symptoms are more obvious and the ability to take care of oneself declines. Symptoms may include:

  • Change in sleep patterns, often waking up at night
  • Difficulty doing basic tasks, such as preparing meals, choosing proper clothing, or driving
  • Forgetting details about current events
  • Forgetting events in your own life history, losing awareness of who you are
  • Having delusions, depression, or agitation
  • Having hallucinations, arguments, striking out, or violent behavior
  • Having more difficulty reading or writing
  • Having poor judgment and loss of ability to recognize danger
  • Using the wrong word, not pronouncing words correctly, or speaking in confusing sentences
  • Withdrawing from social contact

Nervous system (neurologic) problems that occur with a stroke may also be present.

 

Exams and Tests

 

Tests may be ordered to help determine whether other medical problems could be causing dementia or making it worse, such as:

  • Anemia
  • Brain tumor
  • Chronic infection
  • Drug and medicine intoxication ( overdose )
  • Severe depression
  • Thyroid disease
  • Vitamin deficiency

Other tests may be done to find out what parts of thinking have been affected and to guide other tests.

Tests that can show evidence of previous strokes in the brain may include:

  • Head CT scan
  • MRI of the brain

 

Treatment

 

There is no treatment to turn back damage to the brain caused by small strokes.

An important goal is to control symptoms and correct the risk factors. To prevent future strokes:

  • Avoid fatty foods. Follow a healthy, low-fat diet.
  • DO NOT drink more than 1 to 2 alcoholic drinks a day.
  • Keep blood pressure lower than 130/80 mm/Hg. Ask your doctor what your blood pressure should be.
  • Keep LDL "bad" cholesterol lower than 70 mg/dL.
  • Do not smoke.
  • The doctor may suggest blood thinners, such as aspirin, to help prevent blood clots from forming in the arteries. DO NOT start taking aspirin or stop taking it without talking to your doctor first.

The goals of helping someone with dementia in the home are to:

  • Manage behavior problems, confusion, sleep problems, and agitation
  • Remove safety hazards in the home
  • Support family members and other caregivers

Medicines may be needed to control aggressive, agitated, or dangerous behaviors.

Medicines used to treat Alzheimer disease have not been shown to work for VaD.

 

Outlook (Prognosis)

 

Some improvement may occur for short periods, but the disorder will generally get worse over time.

 

Possible Complications

 

Complications include the following:

  • Future strokes
  • Heart disease
  • Loss of ability to function or care for self
  • Loss of ability to interact
  • Pneumonia, urinary tract infections, skin infections
  • Pressure sores

 

When to Contact a Medical Professional

 

Call your doctor if symptoms of VaD occur. Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if there is a sudden change in mental status . This is an emergency symptom of stroke.

 

Prevention

 

Control conditions that increase the risk of hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis) by:

  • Controlling high blood pressure
  • Controlling weight
  • Reducing saturated fats and salt in the diet
  • Treating related disorders

 

 

Open References

References

Budson AE, Solomon PR. Vascular dementia and vascular cognitive impairment. In: Budson AE, Solomon PR, eds. Memory Loss, Alzheimer's Disease, and Dementia . 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:chap 6.

Gorelick PB, Scuteri A, Black SE, et al, American Heart Association Stroke Council, Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention, and Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia. Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke . 2011;42:2672-2713. PMID: 21778438 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21778438 .

Knopman DS. Alzheimer disease and other dementias. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman's Cecil Medicine . 25th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016:chap 402.

Peterson R, Graff-Radford J. Alzheimer disease and other dementias. In: Daroff RB, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, eds. Bradley's Neurology in Clinical Practice . 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:chap 95.

Seshadri S, Economos A, Wright C. Vascular dementia and cognitive impairment. In: Grotta JC, Albers GW, Broderick JP et al, eds. Stroke: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management . 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:chap 17.

Smith JP, Seirafi J. Delirium and dementia. In: Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, et al, eds. Rosen's Emergency Medicine . 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2014:chap 104.

 
  • Central nervous system

    Central nervous system - illustration

    The central nervous system is comprised of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system includes all peripheral nerves.

    Central nervous system

    illustration

    • Central nervous system

      Central nervous system - illustration

      The central nervous system is comprised of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system includes all peripheral nerves.

      Central nervous system

      illustration

    A Closer Look

     

      Talking to your MD

       

        Self Care

         

          Tests for Vascular dementia

           
             

            Review Date: 2/27/2016

            Reviewed By: Amit M. Shelat, DO, FACP, Attending Neurologist and Assistant Professor of Clinical Neurology, SUNY Stony Brook, School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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