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Malaria

Quartan malaria; Falciparum malaria; Biduoterian fever; Blackwater fever; Tertian malaria; Plasmodium

 

Malaria is a parasitic disease that involves high fevers, shaking chills, flu-like symptoms, and anemia.

Causes

 

Malaria is caused by a parasite that is passed to humans by the bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. After infection, the parasites (called sporozoites) travel through the bloodstream to the liver, where they mature and release another form, called merozoites. The parasites enter the bloodstream and infect red blood cells.

The parasites multiply inside the red blood cells, which then break open within 48 to 72 hours, infecting more red blood cells. The first symptoms usually occur 10 days to 4 weeks after infection, though they can appear as early as 8 days or as long as a year after infection. The symptoms occur in cycles of 48 to 72 hours.

Most symptoms are caused by:

  • The release of merozoites into the bloodstream
  • Anemia resulting from the destruction of the red blood cells
  • Large amounts of free hemoglobin being released into circulation after red blood cells break open

Malaria can also be transmitted from a mother to her unborn baby (congenitally) and by blood transfusions. Malaria can be carried by mosquitoes in temperate climates, but the parasite disappears over the winter.

The disease is a major health problem in much of the tropics and subtropics. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that there are 300 to 500 million cases of malaria each year, and more than 1 million people die of it. Malaria is a major disease hazard for travelers to warm climates.

In some areas of the world, mosquitoes that carry malaria have developed resistance to insecticides . In addition, the parasites have developed resistance to some antibiotics. These conditions have led to difficulty in controlling both the rate of infection and spread of this disease.

 

Symptoms

 

Symptoms include:

  • Anemia
  • Bloody stools
  • Chills, fever, sweating
  • Coma
  • Convulsions
  • Headache
  • Jaundice
  • Muscle pain
  • Nausea and vomiting

 

Exams and Tests

 

During a physical examination, the doctor may find an enlarged liver or enlarged spleen . Malaria blood smears taken at 6 to 12 hour intervals confirm the diagnosis.

A complete blood count (CBC) will identify anemia if it is present.

 

Treatment

 

Malaria, especially falciparum malaria, is a medical emergency that requires a hospital stay. Chloroquine is often used as an anti-malarial drug. But chloroquine-resistant infections are common in some parts of the world.

Possible treatments for chloroquine-resistant infections include:

  • Artemisinin derivative combinations, including artemether and lumefantrine
  • Atovaquone-proguanil
  • Quinine-based regimen, in combination with doxycycline or clindamycin)
  • Mefloquine, in combination with artesunate or doxycycline

The choice of drug depends, in part, on where you got the infection.

Medical care, including fluids through a vein (IV) and other drugs and breathing (respiratory) support may be needed.

 

Outlook (Prognosis)

 

The outcome is expected to be good in most cases of malaria with treatment, but poor in falciparum infection with complications.

 

Possible Complications

 

Health problems that may result from malaria include:

  • Brain infection (cerebritis)
  • Destruction of blood cells ( hemolytic anemia )
  • Kidney failure
  • Liver failure
  • Meningitis
  • Respiratory failure from fluid in the lungs ( pulmonary edema )
  • Rupture of the spleen leading to massive internal bleeding (hemorrhage)

 

When to Contact a Medical Professional

 

Call your health care provider if you develop fever and headache after visiting the tropics.

 

Prevention

 

Most people who live in areas where malaria is common have developed some immunity to the disease. Visitors will not have immunity and should take preventive medications.

It is important to see your health care provider well before your trip. This is because treatment may need to begin as long as 2 weeks before travel to the area, and continue for a month after you leave the area. Most travelers from the U.S. who contract malaria fail to take the right precautions.

The types of anti-malarial drugs prescribed depend on the area you visit. Travelers to South America, Africa, the Indian subcontinent, Asia, and the South Pacific should take one of the following drugs: mefloquine, doxycycline, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine or atovaquone-proguanil. Even pregnant women should consider taking preventive drugs because the risk to the fetus from the drug is less than the risk of catching this infection.

Chloroquine has been the drug of choice for protecting against malaria. But because of resistance, it is now only suggested for use in areas where Plasmodium vivax , P. oval , and P. malariae are present.

Falciparum malaria is becoming increasingly resistant to anti-malarial medications Recommended drugs include mefloquine, atovaquone/proguanil (Malarone), and doxycycline.

Prevent mosquito bites by:

  • Wearing protective clothing over your arms and legs
  • Using mosquito netting while sleeping
  • Using insect repellent

For information on malaria and preventive medications, visit the CDC website: www.cdc.gov/malaria/travelers/index.html .

 

 

Open References

References

Fairhurst RM, Wellems TE. Malaria (plasmodium species). In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases . 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2015:chap 276.

Patel SS. Malaria. In: Auerbach PS. Wilderness Medicine . 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Mosby; 2012:chap 49.

 
  • Malaria, microscopic view of cellular parasites

    Malaria, microscopic view of cellular parasites - illustration

    Malaria is a disease caused by parasites that are carried by mosquitoes. Once in the bloodstream, the parasite inhabits the red blood cell (RBC). This picture shows purple-stained malaria parasites inside red blood cells.

    Malaria, microscopic view of cellular parasites

    illustration

  • Mosquito, adult feeding on the skin

    Mosquito, adult feeding on the skin - illustration

    There are many different species of mosquito, which can carry some of the world's most common and significant infectious diseases, including West Nile, Malaria, yellow fever, viral encephalitis, and dengue fever. (Image courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.)

    Mosquito, adult feeding on the skin

    illustration

  • Mosquito, egg raft

    Mosquito, egg raft - illustration

    Mosquitoes of the Culex species lay their eggs in the form of egg rafts that float in still or stagnant water. The mosquito lays the eggs one at a time sticking them together in the shape of a raft. An egg raft can contain from 100 - 400 eggs. The eggs go through larval and pupal stages and feed on micro-organisms before developing into flying mosquitoes. (Image courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.)

    Mosquito, egg raft

    illustration

  • Mosquito, larvae

    Mosquito, larvae - illustration

    This picture shows mosquito larvae, an early stage of the mosquito life cycle. (Image courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.)

    Mosquito, larvae

    illustration

  • Mosquito, pupa

    Mosquito, pupa - illustration

    These are mosquito pupa. This is another stage in the development of the mosquito. (Image courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.)

    Mosquito, pupa

    illustration

  • Malaria, microscopic view of cellular parasites

    Malaria, microscopic view of cellular parasites - illustration

    Malarial parasites are visible within the red blood cells. They are stained a dark bluish color.

    Malaria, microscopic view of cellular parasites

    illustration

  • Malaria, photomicrograph of cellular parasites

    Malaria, photomicrograph of cellular parasites - illustration

    Malaria is a disease caused by parasites. This picture shows dark orange-stained malaria parasites inside red blood cells (a) and outside the cells (b). Note the large cells that look like targets; it is unknown how these target cells are related to this disease.

    Malaria, photomicrograph of cellular parasites

    illustration

  • Malaria

    Malaria - illustration

    Malaria is caused by a parasite transmitted from one human to another via the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito. The parasites migrate to the liver, mature and enter the bloodstream, where they rupture red blood cells. An infected pregnant woman can transmit malaria to her unborn child.

    Malaria

    illustration

  • Digestive system organs

    Digestive system organs - illustration

    The digestive system organs in the abdominal cavity include the liver, gallbladder, stomach, small intestine and large intestine.

    Digestive system organs

    illustration

    • Malaria, microscopic view of cellular parasites

      Malaria, microscopic view of cellular parasites - illustration

      Malaria is a disease caused by parasites that are carried by mosquitoes. Once in the bloodstream, the parasite inhabits the red blood cell (RBC). This picture shows purple-stained malaria parasites inside red blood cells.

      Malaria, microscopic view of cellular parasites

      illustration

    • Mosquito, adult feeding on the skin

      Mosquito, adult feeding on the skin - illustration

      There are many different species of mosquito, which can carry some of the world's most common and significant infectious diseases, including West Nile, Malaria, yellow fever, viral encephalitis, and dengue fever. (Image courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.)

      Mosquito, adult feeding on the skin

      illustration

    • Mosquito, egg raft

      Mosquito, egg raft - illustration

      Mosquitoes of the Culex species lay their eggs in the form of egg rafts that float in still or stagnant water. The mosquito lays the eggs one at a time sticking them together in the shape of a raft. An egg raft can contain from 100 - 400 eggs. The eggs go through larval and pupal stages and feed on micro-organisms before developing into flying mosquitoes. (Image courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.)

      Mosquito, egg raft

      illustration

    • Mosquito, larvae

      Mosquito, larvae - illustration

      This picture shows mosquito larvae, an early stage of the mosquito life cycle. (Image courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.)

      Mosquito, larvae

      illustration

    • Mosquito, pupa

      Mosquito, pupa - illustration

      These are mosquito pupa. This is another stage in the development of the mosquito. (Image courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.)

      Mosquito, pupa

      illustration

    • Malaria, microscopic view of cellular parasites

      Malaria, microscopic view of cellular parasites - illustration

      Malarial parasites are visible within the red blood cells. They are stained a dark bluish color.

      Malaria, microscopic view of cellular parasites

      illustration

    • Malaria, photomicrograph of cellular parasites

      Malaria, photomicrograph of cellular parasites - illustration

      Malaria is a disease caused by parasites. This picture shows dark orange-stained malaria parasites inside red blood cells (a) and outside the cells (b). Note the large cells that look like targets; it is unknown how these target cells are related to this disease.

      Malaria, photomicrograph of cellular parasites

      illustration

    • Malaria

      Malaria - illustration

      Malaria is caused by a parasite transmitted from one human to another via the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito. The parasites migrate to the liver, mature and enter the bloodstream, where they rupture red blood cells. An infected pregnant woman can transmit malaria to her unborn child.

      Malaria

      illustration

    • Digestive system organs

      Digestive system organs - illustration

      The digestive system organs in the abdominal cavity include the liver, gallbladder, stomach, small intestine and large intestine.

      Digestive system organs

      illustration

    A Closer Look

     

    Tests for Malaria

     
       

      Review Date: 5/1/2015

      Reviewed By: Jatin M. Vyas, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Assistant in Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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