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Polymyositis - adult

 

Polymyositis is a rare inflammatory disease. It leads to muscle weakness, swelling tenderness, and tissue damage. It is part of a larger group of diseases called myositis.

Causes

Polymyositis affects the skeletal muscles. It is also known as idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. The exact cause is unknown, but it may be related to an autoimmune reaction or infection.

Polymyositis can affect people at any age. It most common in adults between ages 50 and 70, and in children ages 5 to 15. It affects women twice as often as men. It is more common in African Americans than Caucasians.

Symptoms

 

Polymyositis is a systemic disease. This means it affects the whole body. Muscle weakness and tenderness can be signs of polymyositis. A rash is a sign of a similar condition, dermatomyositis .

Common symptoms include:

  • Muscle weakness in the shoulders and hips. This can make it hard to raise the arms over the head, get up from a sitting position, or climb stairs
  • Difficulty swallowing
  • Muscle pain
  • Problems with the voice (caused by weak throat muscles)
  • Shortness of breath

You may also have:

  • Fatigue
  • Fever
  • Joint pain
  • Loss of appetite
  • Morning stiffness
  • Weight loss

 

Exams and Tests

 

Tests may include:

  • Autoimmune antibodies and inflammation tests
  • CPK
  • Electromyography
  • MRI of affected muscles
  • Muscle biopsy
  • Myoglobin in the urine
  • Serum aldolase

People with this condition also must be watched carefully for signs of cancer.

 

Treatment

 

The main treatment is with corticosteroid medicines. The dose of medicine is slowly tapered off as muscle strength improves. This takes about 4 to 6 weeks. You will stay on a low dose of a corticosteroid medicine after that. Medicines to suppress the immune system may be used for people who do not respond to corticosteroids.

Intravenous gamma globulin has been tried, with mixed results. Biologic drugs also may play in part in treating this condition but it is too soon to know. Rituximab appears to be the most promising.

If the condition is associated with a tumor , it may improve if the tumor is removed.

 

Outlook (Prognosis)

 

Response to treatment varies based on the complications. As many as 1 in 5 people may die within 5 years of having the condition.

Many people, especially children, recover from the illness and do not need ongoing treatment. For most adults, however, immunosuppressant drugs are needed to control the disease.

In adults, death may result from:

  • Malnutrition
  • Pneumonia
  • Respiratory failure
  • Severe, long-term muscle weakness

The major causes of death are cancer and lung disease.

 

Possible Complications

 

Complications may include:

  • Calcium deposits in the affected muscles, especially in children with the disease
  • Cancer
  • Heart disease, lung disease , or abdominal complications

 

When to Contact a Medical Professional

 

Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of this disorder. Seek emergency treatment if you have shortness of breath and difficulty swallowing.

 

 

Open References

References

Greenberg SA. Inflammatory myopathies. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman's Cecil Medicine . 25th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016:chap 69.

Nagaraju K, Lundberg IE. Inflammatory Diseases of Muscle and Other Myopathies. In: Firestein GS, Budd RC, Gabriel SE, et al, eds. Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology . 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2012:chap 85.

Oddis CV, Reed AM, Aggarwal R, et al. Rituximab in the treatment of refractory adult and juvenile dermatomyositis and adult polymyositis: a randomized, placebo-phase trial. Arthritis Rheum . 2013; 65:314. PMID: 23124935 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23124935 .

 
  • Superficial anterior muscles

    Superficial anterior muscles - illustration

    Superficial muscles are close to the surface of the skin. Muscles which lie closer to bone or internal organs are called deep muscles.

    Superficial anterior muscles

    illustration

    • Superficial anterior muscles

      Superficial anterior muscles - illustration

      Superficial muscles are close to the surface of the skin. Muscles which lie closer to bone or internal organs are called deep muscles.

      Superficial anterior muscles

      illustration

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          Review Date: 1/20/2015

          Reviewed By: Gordon A. Starkebaum, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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