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Turner syndrome

Bonnevie-Ullrich syndrome; Gonadal dysgenesis; Monosomy X; XO

 

Turner syndrome is a rare genetic condition in which a female does not have the usual pair of 2 X chromosomes.

Causes

 

The typical amount of human chromosomes is 46. Chromosomes contain all of your genes and DNA, the building blocks of the body. Two of these chromosomes, the sex chromosomes, determine if you become a boy or a girl.

  • Females typically have 2 of the same sex chromosomes, written as XX.
  • Males have an X and a Y chromosome (written as XY).

In Turner syndrome, cells are missing all or part of an X chromosome. The condition only occurs in females. Most commonly, a female with Turner syndrome has only 1 X chromosome. Others may have 2 X chromosomes, but one of them is incomplete. Sometimes, a female has some cells with 2 X chromosomes, but other cells have only 1.

 

Symptoms

 

Possible findings of the head and neck include:

  • Ears are low-set.
  • Neck appears wide or weblike.
  • Roof of the mouth is narrow (high palate).
  • Hairline at the back of the head is lower.
  • Lower jaw is lower and appears to fade away (recede).
  • Drooping eyelids and dry eyes.

Other findings may include:

  • Fingers and toes are short.
  • Hands and feet are swollen in infants.
  • Nails are narrow and turn upward.
  • Chest is broad and flat. Nipples appear more widely spaced.
  • Height at birth is often smaller than average.

A child with Turner syndrome is much shorter than children who are the same age and sex. This is called short stature. This problem may not be noticed in girls before age 11.

Puberty may be absent or not complete. If puberty occurs, it most often begins at the normal age. After the age of puberty, unless treated with female hormones, these findings may be present:

  • Pubic hair is often present and normal.
  • Breast development may not occur.
  • Menstrual periods are absent or very light
  • Vaginal dryness and pain with intercourse are common.
  • Infertility

Sometimes, the diagnosis of Turner syndrome may not be made until an adult. It may be discovered because a woman has very light or no menstrual periods and problems becoming pregnant.

 

Exams and Tests

 

Turner syndrome can be diagnosed at any stage of life.

It may be diagnosed before birth if:

  • A chromosome analysis is done during prenatal testing.
  • A cystic hygroma is a growth that often occurs in the head and neck area. This finding may be seen on ultrasound during the pregnancy and leads to further testing.

The health care provider will perform a physical exam and look for signs of poor development. Infants with Turner syndrome often have swollen hands and feet.

The following tests may be performed:

  • Blood hormone levels ( luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone )
  • Echocardiogram
  • Karyotyping
  • MRI of the chest
  • Ultrasound of reproductive organs and kidneys
  • Pelvic exam

Turner syndrome may also change estrogen levels in the blood and urine.

 

Treatment

 

Growth hormone may help a child with Turner syndrome grow taller.

Estrogen and other hormones are often started when the girl is 12 or 13 years old.

  • These help trigger the growth of breasts, pubic hair, other sexual characteristics, and growth in height.
  • Estrogen therapy is continued through life until the age of menopause.

Women with Turner syndrome who wish to become pregnant may consider using a donor egg.

Women with Turner syndrome may need care or monitoring for the following health problems:

  • Keloid formation
  • Hearing loss
  • High blood pressure
  • Diabetes
  • Thinning of the bones (osteoporosis)
  • Widening of the aorta and narrowing of the aortic valve
  • Cataracts
  • Obesity

Other issues may include:

  • Weight management
  • Exercise
  • Transition to adulthood
  • Stress and depression over changes

 

Outlook (Prognosis)

 

Those with Turner syndrome can have a normal life when carefully monitored by their provider.

 

Possible Complications

 

Other health problems may include:

  • Thyroiditis
  • Kidney problems
  • Middle ear infections
  • Scoliosis

 

Prevention

 

There is no known way to prevent Turner syndrome.

 

 

Open References

References

Bacino CA, Lee B. Sex chromosome aneuploidy. In: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St Geme JW, Schor N, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics . 20th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:chap 81.

Saenger P, Bondy CA. Turner syndrome. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric Endocrinology . 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2014:chap 16.

 

        A Closer Look

         

          Talking to your MD

           

            Self Care

             

              Tests for Turner syndrome

               
                 

                Review Date: 10/27/2015

                Reviewed By: Chad Haldeman-Englert, MD, FACMG, Fullerton Genetics Center, Asheville, NC. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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