Beriberi

Beriberi is a disease in which the body does not have enough thiamine (vitamin B1).

Causes

There are two major types of beriberi:

• Wet beriberi: Affects the cardiovascular system.
• Dry beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome : Affects the nervous system.

  Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

  Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a brain disorder due to vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency.

   

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Beriberi is rare in the United States. This is because most foods are now vitamin enriched. If you eat a normal, healthy diet, you should get enough thiamine. Today, beriberi occurs mostly in people who abuse alcohol. Drinking heavily can lead to poor nutrition. Excess alcohol makes it harder for the body to absorb and store vitamin B1.

In rare cases, beriberi can be genetic. This condition is passed down through families. People with this condition lose the ability to absorb thiamine from foods. This can happen slowly over time. The symptoms occur when the person is an adult. However, this diagnosis is often missed. This is because health care providers may not consider beriberi in nonalcoholics.

Beriberi can occur in infants when they are:

• Breastfed and the mother's body is lacking in thiamine
• Fed unusual formulas that don't have enough thiamine

  Formulas

  During the first 4 to 6 months of life, infants need only breast milk or formula to meet all their nutritional needs. Infant formulas include powder...

   

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Some medical treatments that can raise your risk of beriberi are:

• Getting dialysis

  Dialysis

  Artificial kidneys - hemodialysis; Dialysis; Renal replacement therapy - hemodialysis; End-stage renal disease - hemodialysis; Kidney failure - hemod...

   

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• Taking high doses of diuretics (water pills)

Symptoms

Symptoms of dry beriberi include:

• Difficulty walking
• Loss of feeling (sensation) in hands and feet

  Loss of feeling (sensation)

  Numbness and tingling are abnormal sensations that can occur anywhere in your body, but they are often felt in your fingers, hands, feet, arms, or le...

   

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• Loss of muscle function or paralysis of the lower legs
• Mental confusion /speech difficulties

  Confusion

  Confusion is the inability to think as clearly or quickly as you normally do. You may feel disoriented and have difficulty paying attention, remembe...

   

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• Pain
• Strange eye movements (nystagmus)
• Tingling
• Vomiting

Symptoms of wet beriberi include:

• Awakening at night short of breath
• Increased heart rate
• Shortness of breath with activity

  Shortness of breath

  Breathing difficulty may involve:Difficult breathingUncomfortable breathingFeeling like you are not getting enough air

   

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• Swelling of the lower legs

Exams and Tests

A physical examination may show signs of congestive heart failure , including:

• Difficulty breathing with neck veins that stick out
• Enlarged heart
• Fluid in the lungs
• Rapid heartbeat
• Swelling in both lower legs

  Swelling in both lower legs

  Painless swelling of the feet and ankles is a common problem, especially among older people. Abnormal buildup of fluid in the ankles, feet, and legs ...

   

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A person with late-stage beriberi may be confused or have memory loss and delusions. The person may be less able to sense vibrations.

A neurological exam may show signs of:

• Changes in the walk
• Coordination problems
• Decreased reflexes
• Drooping of the eyelids

The following tests may be done:

• Blood tests to measure the amount of thiamine in the blood
• Urine tests to see if thiamine is passing through the urine

Treatment

The goal of treatment is to replace the thiamine your body is lacking. This is done with thiamine supplements. Thiamine supplements are given through a shot (injection) or taken by mouth.

Your provider may also suggest other types of vitamins.

Blood tests may be repeated after the treatment is started. These tests will show how well you are responding to the medicine.

Outlook (Prognosis)

Untreated, beriberi can be fatal. With treatment, symptoms usually improve quickly.

Heart damage is usually reversible. A full recovery is expected in these cases. However, if acute heart failure has already occurred, the outlook is poor.

Nervous system damage is also reversible, if caught early. If it is not caught early, some symptoms (such as memory loss) may remain even with treatment.

If a person with Wernicke encephalopathy receives thiamine replacement, language problems, unusual eye movements, and walking difficulties may go away. However, Korsakoff syndrome (or Korsakoff psychosis) tends to develop as Wernicke symptoms go away.

Possible Complications

Complications may include:

• Coma
• Congestive heart failure
• Death
• Psychosis

  Psychosis

  Psychosis occurs when a person loses contact with reality. The person may: Have false beliefs about what is taking place, or who one is (delusions)S...

   

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When to Contact a Medical Professional

Beriberi is extremely rare in the United States. However, call your provider if:

• You feel your family's diet is inadequate or poorly balanced
• You or your children have any symptoms of beriberi

Prevention

Eating a proper diet that is rich in vitamins will prevent beriberi. Nursing mothers should make sure that their diet contains all vitamins. If your infant is not breastfed, make sure that the infant formula contains thiamine.

If you drink heavily, try to cut down or quit. Also, take B vitamins to make sure your body is properly absorbing and storing thiamine.