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Type 1 diabetes

Insulin-dependent diabetes; Juvenile onset diabetes; Diabetes - type 1

 

Type 1 diabetes is a lifelong (chronic) disease in which there is a high level of sugar (glucose) in the blood.

Causes

 

Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age. It is most often diagnosed in children, adolescents, or young adults.

Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas by special cells, called beta cells. The pancreas is below and behind the stomach. Insulin is needed to move blood sugar (glucose) into cells. Inside the cells, glucose is stored and later used for energy. With type 1 diabetes, beta cells produce little or no insulin.

Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. This buildup of glucose in the blood is called hyperglycemia. The body is unable to use the glucose for energy. This leads to the symptoms of type 1 diabetes.

The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. Most likely it is an autoimmune disorder . This is a condition that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. With type 1 diabetes, an infection or another trigger causes the body to mistakenly attack the cells in the pancreas that make insulin. The tendency to develop autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes, can be passed down through families.N.

 

Symptoms

 

HIGH BLOOD SUGAR

The following symptoms may be the first signs of type 1 diabetes. Or, they may occur when blood sugar is high.

  • Being very thirsty
  • Feeling hungry
  • Feeling tired all the time
  • Having blurry eyesight
  • Feeling numbness or tingling in your feet
  • Losing weight without trying
  • Urinating more often (including urinating at night or bedwetting in children who were dry overnight before) 

For other people, these serious warning symptoms may be the first signs of type 1 diabetes. Or, they may happen when blood sugar is very high ( diabetic ketoacidosis ):

  • Deep, rapid breathing
  • Dry skin and mouth
  • Flushed face
  • Fruity breath odor
  • Nausea and vomiting; inability to keep down fluids
  • Stomach pain

LOW BLOOD SUGAR

Low blood sugar ( hypoglycemia ) can develop quickly in people with diabetes who are taking insulin. Symptoms usually appear when a person's blood sugar level falls below 70 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or 3.9 mmol/L. Watch for:

  • Headache
  • Hunger
  • Nervousness
  • Rapid heartbeat (palpitations)
  • Shaking
  • Sweating
  • Weakness

After many years, diabetes can lead to serious health problems, and as a result, many other symptoms.

 

Exams and Tests

 

Diabetes is diagnosed with the following blood tests:

  • Fasting blood glucose level. Diabetes is diagnosed if it is higher than 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) two different  times.
  • Random (non-fasting) blood glucose level. You may have diabetes if it is higher than 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L), and you have symptoms such as increased thirst, urination, and fatigue. (This must be confirmed with a fasting test.)
  • Oral glucose tolerance test . Diabetes is diagnosed if the glucose level is higher than 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) 2 hours after you drink a special sugar drink.
  • Hemoglobin A1c (A1C) test . Diabetes is diagnosed if the result of the test is 6.5% or higher.

Ketone testing is also used sometimes. The ketone test is done using a urine sample or blood sample . Ketone testing may be done:

  • When the blood sugar is higher than 240 mg/dL (13.3 mmol/L)
  • During an illness such as pneumonia, heart attack, or stroke
  • When nausea and vomiting occur
  • During pregnancy

The following exams and tests will help you and your doctor monitor your diabetes and prevent problems caused by diabetes:

  • Check the skin and bones on your feet and legs.
  • Check if your feet are getting numb ( diabetic nerve disease ).
  • Have your blood pressure checked at least once a year. The goal should be 140/90 mm Hg or lower.
  • Have an A1C test done every 6 months if your diabetes is well controlled. Have the test done every 3 months if your diabetes is not well controlled.
  • Have your cholesterol and triglyceride levels checked once a year.
  • Get tests once a year to make sure your kidneys are working well ( microalbuminuria and serum creatinine ).
  • Visit your eye doctor at least once a year, or more often if you have signs of diabetic eye disease .
  • See the dentist every 6 months for a thorough dental cleaning and exam. Make sure your dentist and hygienist know that you have diabetes.

 

Treatment

 

Because type 1 diabetes can start quickly and the symptoms can be severe, people who have just been diagnosed may need to stay in the hospital.

If you have just been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, you may need to have a checkup each week until you have good control over your blood sugar. Your doctor will review the results of your home blood sugar monitoring and urine testing. Your doctor will also look at your diary of meals, snacks, and insulin injections. It may take a few weeks to match the insulin doses to your meal and activity schedules.

As your diabetes becomes more stable, you will have fewer follow-up visits. Visiting your doctor is very important so you can monitor any long-term problems from diabetes.

Your doctor will likely ask you to meet with a dietitian, clinical pharmacist, and diabetes nurse educator. These providers will also help you manage your diabetes.

But, you are the most important person in managing your diabetes. You should know the basic steps of diabetes management, including:

  • How to recognize and treat low blood sugar (hypoglycemia)
  • How to recognize and treat high blood sugar (hyperglycemia)
  • How to plan meals, including carbohydrate (carb) counting
  • How to give insulin
  • How to check blood glucose and urine ketones
  • How to adjust insulin and food when you exercise
  • How to handle sick days
  • Where to buy diabetes supplies and how to store them

INSULIN

Insulin lowers blood sugar by allowing it to leave the bloodstream and enter cells. Everyone with type 1 diabetes must take insulin every day.

Most commonly, insulin is injected under the skin using a syringe, insulin pen, or insulin pump. Another form of insulin is the inhaled type. Insulin cannot be taken by mouth because the acid in the stomach destroys insulin.

Insulin types differ in how fast they start to work and how long they last. Your doctor will choose the best type of insulin for you and will tell you at what time of day to use it. Some types of insulin may be mixed together in an injection to get the best blood glucose control. Other types of insulin should never be mixed.

Your doctor or diabetes educator will teach you how to give insulin injections. At first, a child's injections may be given by a parent or another adult. By age 14, most children can give themselves their own injections.

Inhaled insulin comes as a powder that is breathed in (inhaled). It is rapid acting and used just before each meal. Your doctor can tell you if this type of insulin is right for you.

People with diabetes need to know how to adjust the amount of insulin they are taking:

  • When they exercise
  • When they are sick
  • When they will be eating more or less food and calories
  • When they are traveling

HEALTHY EATING AND EXERCISE

By testing your blood sugar level, you can learn which foods and activities raise or lower your blood sugar level the most. This helps you adjust your insulin doses to specific meals or activities to prevent blood sugar from becoming too high or too low.

The American Diabetes Association and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics have information for planning healthy, balanced meals. It also helps to talk to a registered dietitian or nutrition counselor.

Regular exercise helps control the amount of sugar in the blood. It also helps burn extra calories and fat to reach and maintain a healthy weight.

Talk to your doctor before starting any exercise program. People with type 1 diabetes must take special steps before, during, and after physical activity or exercise.

MANAGING YOUR BLOOD SUGAR

Checking your blood sugar level yourself and writing down the results tells you how well you are managing your diabetes. Talk to your doctor and diabetes educator about how often to check.

To check your blood sugar level, you use a device called a glucose meter. Usually, you prick your finger with a small needle called a lancet to get a tiny drop of blood. You place the blood on a test strip and put the strip into the meter. The meter gives you a reading that tells you the level of your blood sugar.

Keep a record of your blood sugar for yourself and your health care team. These numbers will help if you have problems managing your diabetes. You and your doctor should set a target goal for your blood sugar level at different times during the day. You should also plan what to do when your blood sugar is too low or high.

Talk to your doctor about your target for the A1C test. This lab test shows your average blood sugar level over the past 3 months. It shows how well you are controlling your diabetes. For most persons with type 1 diabetes, the A1C target should be 7.5% or lower.

Low blood sugar is called hypoglycemia. A blood sugar level below 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L) is too low and can harm you.

FOOT CARE

People with diabetes are more likely than those without diabetes to have foot problems . Diabetes damages the nerves . This can make your feet less able to feel pressure, pain, heat, or cold. You may not notice a foot injury until you have severe damage to the skin and tissue below, or you get a severe infection.

Diabetes can also damage blood vessels. Small sores or breaks in the skin may become deeper skin sores (ulcers). The affected limb may need to be amputated if these skin ulcers do not heal or become larger, deeper, or infected.

To prevent problems with your feet:

  • Stop smoking if you smoke.
  • Improve control of your blood sugar.
  • Get a foot exam at least twice a year with your doctor, and learn whether you have nerve damage .
  • Check and care for your feet every day. This is very important when you already have nerve or blood vessel damage or foot problems.
  • Treat minor infections, such as athlete's foot, right away.
  • Use moisturizing lotion on dry skin.
  • Make sure you wear the right kind of shoes. Ask your doctor what kind is right for you.

PREVENTING COMPLICATIONS

Your doctor may prescribe medicines or other treatments to reduce your chances of developing common complications of diabetes , including:

  • Eye disease
  • Kidney disease
  • Heart disease and stroke

With type 1 diabetes, you are also at risk of developing conditions such as hearing loss, gum disease, or yeast infections (in women). Keeping your blood sugar under good control can help prevent these conditions.

Talk with your health care team about other things you can do to lower your chances of developing diabetes complications.

 

Support Groups

 

There are many diabetes resources that can help you understand more about type 1 diabetes. You can also learn ways to manage your condition so that you can live well with diabetes.

 

Outlook (Prognosis)

 

Diabetes is a lifelong disease and there is no cure.

Tight control of blood glucose can prevent or delay diabetes complications. But these problems can occur, even in people with good diabetes control.

 

Possible Complications

 

After many years, diabetes can lead to serious health problems:

  • You could have eye problems , including trouble seeing (especially at night) and sensitivity to light. You could become blind.
  • Your feet and skin could develop sores and infections. If you have these sores for too long, your foot or leg may need to be amputated. Infection can also cause pain and itching.
  • Diabetes may make it harder to control your blood pressure and cholesterol. This can lead to heart attack, stroke, and other problems. It can become harder for blood to flow to the legs and feet.
  • Nerves in the body can become damaged , causing pain, itching, tingling, and numbness.
  • Because of nerve damage, you could have problems digesting the food you eat. You could feel weakness or have trouble going to the bathroom. Nerve damage can also make it harder for men to have an erection.
  • High blood sugar and other problems can lead to kidney damage . The kidneys may not work as well as they used to. They may even stop working, so that you would need dialysis or a kidney transplant .

 

When to Contact a Medical Professional

 

Call 911 if you have:

  • Chest pain or pressure, shortness of breath, or other signs of angina
  • Loss of consciousness
  • Seizures

Call your doctor or go to the emergency room if you have symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis .

Also call your doctor if you have:

  • Blood sugar levels that are higher than the goals you and your doctor have set
  • Numbness, tingling, or pain in your feet or legs
  • Problems with your eyesight
  • Sores or infections on your feet
  • Symptoms that your blood sugar is getting too low (weakness or fatigue, trembling, sweating, irritability, trouble thinking clearly, fast heartbeat, double or blurry vision, uneasy feeling)
  • Symptoms that your blood sugar is too high (thirst, blurry vision, dry skin, weakness or fatigue, need to urinate a lot)
  • Blood sugar readings that are below 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L)

You can treat early signs of hypoglycemia at home by eating sugar or candy, or by taking glucose tablets. If signs of hypoglycemia continue or your blood glucose level stays below 60 mg/dL (3.3 mmol/L), go to the emergency room.

 

Prevention

 

Type 1 diabetes cannot be prevented. There is no screening test for type 1 diabetes in people who have no symptoms.

 

 

Open References

References

Cagliero E. Diabetes and long-term complications. In: Jameson JL, De Groot LJ, de Kretser DM, et al, eds. Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric . 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2015:chap 51.

Delli AJ, Lernmark A. Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. In: Jameson JL, De Groot LJ, de Kretser DM, et al, eds. Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric . 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2015:chap 39.

Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2016: Summary of Revisions. Diabetes Care . 2016:39;Suppl 1:S72-S80. PMID: 26696680 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26696680 .

 
  • Insulin pump

    Insulin pump - illustration

    The catheter at the end of the insulin pump is inserted through a needle into the abdominal fat of a person with diabetes. Dosage instructions are entered into the pump's small computer and the appropriate amount of insulin is then injected into the body in a calculated, controlled manner.

    Insulin pump

    illustration

  • Type I diabetes

    Type I diabetes - illustration

    In response to high levels of glucose in the blood, the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas secrete the hormone insulin. Type I diabetes occurs when these cells are destroyed by the body's own immune system.

    Type I diabetes

    illustration

  • Insulin pump

    Insulin pump - illustration

    Various styles of insulin pumps may be utilized by people with diabetes to inject insulin into the body in a controlled, more convenient and discreet manner.

    Insulin pump

    illustration

  • Manage your blood sugar

    Manage your blood sugar - illustration

    Checking your blood sugar levels often and writing down the results will tell you how well you are managing your diabetes so you can stay as healthy as possible. The best times to check your blood sugar are before meals and at bedtime. Your blood sugar meter may have computer software to help you track your blood sugar level. This is usually available from the manufacturer's website.

    Manage your blood sugar

    illustration

    • Insulin pump

      Insulin pump - illustration

      The catheter at the end of the insulin pump is inserted through a needle into the abdominal fat of a person with diabetes. Dosage instructions are entered into the pump's small computer and the appropriate amount of insulin is then injected into the body in a calculated, controlled manner.

      Insulin pump

      illustration

    • Type I diabetes

      Type I diabetes - illustration

      In response to high levels of glucose in the blood, the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas secrete the hormone insulin. Type I diabetes occurs when these cells are destroyed by the body's own immune system.

      Type I diabetes

      illustration

    • Insulin pump

      Insulin pump - illustration

      Various styles of insulin pumps may be utilized by people with diabetes to inject insulin into the body in a controlled, more convenient and discreet manner.

      Insulin pump

      illustration

    • Manage your blood sugar

      Manage your blood sugar - illustration

      Checking your blood sugar levels often and writing down the results will tell you how well you are managing your diabetes so you can stay as healthy as possible. The best times to check your blood sugar are before meals and at bedtime. Your blood sugar meter may have computer software to help you track your blood sugar level. This is usually available from the manufacturer's website.

      Manage your blood sugar

      illustration

    A Closer Look

     

    Talking to your MD

     

    Self Care

     

    Tests for Type 1 diabetes

     
       

      Review Date: 7/24/2015

      Reviewed By: Brent Wisse, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Nutrition, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA. Internal review and update on 09/01/2016 by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

      The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997- A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.

       
       
       

       

       

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