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Acute pancreatitis

Gallstone pancreatitis; Pancreas - inflammation

 

Acute pancreatitis is sudden swelling and inflammation of the pancreas.

Causes

 

The pancreas is an organ located behind the stomach. It produces the hormones insulin and glucagon. It also produces chemicals called enzymes needed to digest food.

Most of the time, the enzymes are only active after they reach the small intestine.

  • If these enzymes become active inside the pancreas, they can digest the tissue of the pancreas. This causes swelling, bleeding, and damage to the organ and its blood vessels.
  • This problem is called acute pancreatitis.

Acute pancreatitis affects men more often than women. Certain diseases, surgeries, and habits make you more likely to develop this condition.

  • Alcohol use is responsible for up to 70% of cases in the United States. About 5 to 8 drinks per day for 5 or more years can damage the pancreas.
  • Gallstones are the next most common cause. When the gallstones travel out of the gallbladder into the bile ducts, they block the opening that drains bile and enzymes. The bile and enzymes "back up" into the pancreas and cause swelling.
  • Genetics may be a factor in some cases. Sometimes, the cause is not known.

Other conditions that have been linked to pancreatitis are:

  • Autoimmune problems (when the immune system attacks the body)
  • Damage to the ducts or pancreas during surgery
  • High blood levels of a fat called triglycerides -- most often above 1,000 mg/dL
  • Injury to the pancreas from an accident

Other causes include:

  • After certain procedures used to diagnose gallbladder and pancreas problems (ERCP) or ultrasound guided biopsy
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • Overactive parathyroid gland
  • Reye syndrome
  • Use of certain medicines (especially estrogens, corticosteroids, sulfonamides, thiazides, and azathioprine)
  • Certain infections that involve the pancreas

 

Symptoms

 

The main symptom of pancreatitis is pain felt in the upper left side or middle of the abdomen. The pain :

  • May be worse within minutes after eating or drinking at first, more commonly if foods have a high fat content
  • Becomes constant and more severe, lasting for several days
  • May be worse when lying flat on the back
  • May spread (radiate) to the back or below the left shoulder blade

People with acute pancreatitis often look ill and have a fever, nausea, vomiting, and sweating.

Other symptoms that may occur with this disease include:

  • Clay-colored stools
  • Bloating and fullness
  • Hiccups
  • Indigestion
  • Mild yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice)
  • Swollen abdomen

 

Exams and Tests

 

The health care provider will do a physical exam, which may show:

  • Abdominal tenderness or lump (mass)
  • Fever
  • Low blood pressure
  • Rapid heart rate
  • Rapid breathing (respiratory) rate

Lab tests that show the release of pancreatic enzymes will be done. These include:

  • Increased blood amylase level
  • Increased serum blood lipase level
  • Increased urine amylase level

Other blood tests that can help diagnose pancreatitis or its complications include:

  • Complete blood count (CBC)
  • Comprehensive metabolic panel

Imaging tests that can show swelling of the pancreas include:

  • CT scan of the abdomen
  • MRI of the abdomen
  • Ultrasound of the abdomen

 

Treatment

 

Treatment often requires a stay in the hospital. It may involve:

  • Pain medicines
  • Fluids given through a vein (IV)
  • Stopping food or fluid by mouth to limit the activity of the pancreas

A tube may be inserted through the nose or mouth to remove the contents of the stomach. This may be done if vomiting and severe pain do not improve. The tube will stay in for 1 to 2 days to 1 to 2 weeks.

Treating the condition that caused the problem can prevent repeated attacks.

In some cases, therapy is needed to:

  • Drain fluid that has collected in or around the pancreas
  • Remove gallstones
  • Relieve blockages of the pancreatic duct

In the most severe cases, surgery is needed to remove damaged, dead or infected pancreatic tissue.

Avoid smoking, alcoholic drinks, and fatty foods after the attack has improved.

 

Outlook (Prognosis)

 

Most cases go away in a week. However, some cases develop into a life-threatening illness.

The death rate is high with:

  • Bleeding in the pancreas has occurred
  • Liver, heart, or kidney problems are also present
  • An abscess forms the pancreas
  • There is death or necrosis of larger amounts of tissue in the pancreas

Sometimes the swelling and infection do not fully heal. Repeat episodes of pancreatitis may also occur. Either of these can lead to long-term damage of the pancreas .

 

Possible Complications

 

Pancreatitis can return. The chances of it returning depend on the cause, and how well it can be treated. Complications of acute pancreatitis may include:

  • Acute kidney failure
  • Long-term lung damage (ARDS)
  • Buildup of fluid in the abdomen ( ascites )
  • Cysts or abscesses in the pancreas
  • Heart failure

 

When to Contact a Medical Professional

 

Call your provider if:

  • You have intense, constant abdominal pain.
  • You develop other symptoms of acute pancreatitis.

 

Prevention

 

You may lower your risk of new or repeat episodes of pancreatitis by taking steps to prevent the medical conditions that can lead to the disease:

  • DO NOT drink too much alcohol.
  • Make sure children receive vaccines to protect them against mumps and other childhood illnesses.
  • Treat medical problems that lead to high blood levels of triglycerides.

 

 

Open References

References

Forsmark CE. Pancreatitis. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman's Cecil Medicine . 25th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016:chap 144.

Tenner S, Baillie J, DeWitt J, et al. American College of Gastroenterology guideline: management of acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol . 2013;108:1400-1415. PMID: 23896955 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23896955 .

Tenner S, Steinbert WM. Acute pancreatitis. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger & Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease . 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016:chap 58.

 
  • Digestive system

    Digestive system - illustration

    The esophagus, stomach, large and small intestine, aided by the liver, gallbladder and pancreas convert the nutritive components of food into energy and break down the non-nutritive components into waste to be excreted.

    Digestive system

    illustration

  • Endocrine glands

    Endocrine glands - illustration

    Endocrine glands release hormones (chemical messengers) into the bloodstream to be transported to various organs and tissues throughout the body. For instance, the pancreas secretes insulin, which allows the body to regulate levels of sugar in the blood. The thyroid gets instructions from the pituitary to secrete hormones which determine the pace of chemical activity in the body (the more hormone in the bloodstream, the faster the chemical activity; the less hormone, the slower the activity).

    Endocrine glands

    illustration

  • Pancreatitis, acute - CT scan

    Pancreatitis, acute - CT scan - illustration

    This upper abdominal CT scan shows inflammation and swelling of the pancreas caused by acute infection (pancreatitis).

    Pancreatitis, acute - CT scan

    illustration

  • Normal anatomy

    Normal anatomy

    Presentation

    •  
    • Digestive system

      Digestive system - illustration

      The esophagus, stomach, large and small intestine, aided by the liver, gallbladder and pancreas convert the nutritive components of food into energy and break down the non-nutritive components into waste to be excreted.

      Digestive system

      illustration

    • Endocrine glands

      Endocrine glands - illustration

      Endocrine glands release hormones (chemical messengers) into the bloodstream to be transported to various organs and tissues throughout the body. For instance, the pancreas secretes insulin, which allows the body to regulate levels of sugar in the blood. The thyroid gets instructions from the pituitary to secrete hormones which determine the pace of chemical activity in the body (the more hormone in the bloodstream, the faster the chemical activity; the less hormone, the slower the activity).

      Endocrine glands

      illustration

    • Pancreatitis, acute - CT scan

      Pancreatitis, acute - CT scan - illustration

      This upper abdominal CT scan shows inflammation and swelling of the pancreas caused by acute infection (pancreatitis).

      Pancreatitis, acute - CT scan

      illustration

    •   Normal anatomy

      Normal anatomy

      Presentation

      •  

    A Closer Look

     

      Self Care

       

        Tests for Acute pancreatitis

         
           

          Review Date: 10/27/2015

          Reviewed By: Subodh K. Lal, MD, gastroenterologist with Gastrointestinal Specialists of Georgia, Austell, GA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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