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Pulmonary hypertension

Pulmonary arterial hypertension; Sporadic primary pulmonary hypertension; Familial primary pulmonary hypertension; Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension; Primary pulmonary hypertension; PPH; Secondary pulmonary hypertension; Cor pulmonale - pulmonary hypertension

 

Pulmonary hypertension is high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. It makes the right side of the heart work harder than normal.

Causes

 

The right side of the heart pumps blood through the lungs, where it picks up oxygen. Blood returns to the left side of the heart, where it is pumped to the rest of the body.

When the small arteries (blood vessels) of the lungs become narrowed, they cannot carry as much blood. When this happens, pressure builds up. This is called pulmonary hypertension.

The heart needs to work harder to force the blood through the vessels against this pressure. Over time, this causes the right side of the heart to become larger. This condition is called right-sided heart failure, or cor pulmonale.

Pulmonary hypertension may be caused by:

  • Autoimmune diseases that damage the lungs, such as scleroderma and rheumatoid arthritis
  • Birth defects of the heart
  • Blood clots in the lung ( pulmonary embolism )
  • Heart failure
  • Heart valve disease
  • HIV infection
  • Low oxygen levels in the blood for a long time (chronic)
  • Lung disease, such as COPD or pulmonary fibrosis
  • Medicines (for example, certain diet drugs)
  • Obstructive sleep apnea

In rare cases, the cause of pulmonary hypertension is unknown. In this case, the condition is called idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). Idiopathic means the cause of a disease is not known. IPAH affects more women than men.

If pulmonary hypertension is caused by a known medicine or medical condition, it is called secondary pulmonary hypertension.

 

Symptoms

 

Shortness of breath or lightheadedness during activity is often the first symptom. Fast heart rate ( palpitations ) may be present. Over time, symptoms occur with lighter activity or even while at rest.

Other symptoms include:

  • Ankle and leg swelling
  • Bluish color of the lips or skin ( cyanosis )
  • Chest pain or pressure, usually in the front of the chest
  • Dizziness or fainting spells
  • Fatigue
  • Increased abdomen size
  • Weakness

People with pulmonary hypertension often have symptoms that come and go. They report good days and bad days.

 

Exams and Tests

 

Your health care provider will perform a physical exam and ask about your symptoms. The exam may find:

  • Abnormal heart sounds
  • Feeling of a pulse over the breastbone
  • Heart murmur on the right side of the heart
  • Larger-than-normal veins in the neck
  • Leg swelling
  • Liver and spleen swelling
  • Normal breath sounds

In the early stages of the disease, the exam may be normal or almost normal. The condition may take several months to diagnose. Asthma and other diseases may cause similar symptoms and must be ruled out.

Tests that may be ordered include:

  • Blood tests
  • Cardiac catheterization
  • Chest x-ray
  • CT scan of the chest
  • Echocardiogram
  • ECG
  • Lung function tests
  • Nuclear lung scan
  • Pulmonary arteriogram
  • 6-minute walk test
  • Sleep study
  • Tests to check for autoimmune problems

 

Treatment

 

There is no cure for pulmonary hypertension. The goal of treatment is to control symptoms and prevent more lung damage. It is important to treat medical disorders that cause pulmonary hypertension, such as obstructive sleep apnea, lung conditions, and heart valve problems.

Many treatment options for pulmonary arterial hypertension are available. If you are prescribed medicines, they may be taken by mouth (oral), received through the vein (intravenous, or IV), or breathed in (inhaled).

Your provider will decide which medicine is best for you. You will be closely monitored during treatment to watch for side effects and to see how well you are responding to the medicine. DO NOT stop taking your medicines without talking to your provider.

Other treatments may include:

  • Blood thinners to reduce the risk of blood clots, especially if you have IPAH
  • Oxygen therapy at home
  • Heart-lung transplant, if medicines do not work

Other important tips to follow:

  • Avoid pregnancy
  • Avoid heavy physical activities and lifting
  • Avoid traveling to high altitudes
  • Get a yearly flu vaccine, as well as other vaccines such as the pneumonia vaccine
  • Stop smoking

 

Outlook (Prognosis)

 

How well you do depends on what caused the condition. Medicines for IPAH may help slow the disease.

As the illness gets worse, you will need to make changes in your home to help you get around the house.

 

When to Contact a Medical Professional

 

Call your provider if:

  • You begin to develop shortness of breath when you are active
  • Shortness of breath gets worse
  • You develop chest pain
  • You develop other symptoms

 

 

Open References

References

Chin K, Channick RN. Pulmonary hypertension. In: Broaddus VC, Mason RJ, Ernst JD, et al, eds. Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine . 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2010:chap 52.

McLaughlin V. Pulmonary hypertension. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman's Cecil Medicine . 25th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016:chap 68.

Taichman DB, Ornelas J, Chung L, et al. Pharmacologic therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension in adults: CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest . 2014;146:449-475. PMID: 24937180 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24937180 .

 
  • Respiratory system

    Respiratory system - illustration

    Air is breathed in through the nasal passageways, travels through the trachea and bronchi to the lungs.

    Respiratory system

    illustration

  • Primary pulmonary hypertension

    Primary pulmonary hypertension - illustration

    Pulmonary hypertension is the narrowing of the pulmonary arterioles within the lung. The narrowing of the arteries creates resistance and an increased work load for the heart. The heart becomes enlarged from pumping blood against the resistance. Some symptoms include chest pain, weakness, shortness of breath, and fatigue. The goal of treatment is control of the symptoms, although the disease usually develops into congestive heart failure.

    Primary pulmonary hypertension

    illustration

  • Normal anatomy

    Normal anatomy

    Presentation

    •  
    • Respiratory system

      Respiratory system - illustration

      Air is breathed in through the nasal passageways, travels through the trachea and bronchi to the lungs.

      Respiratory system

      illustration

    • Primary pulmonary hypertension

      Primary pulmonary hypertension - illustration

      Pulmonary hypertension is the narrowing of the pulmonary arterioles within the lung. The narrowing of the arteries creates resistance and an increased work load for the heart. The heart becomes enlarged from pumping blood against the resistance. Some symptoms include chest pain, weakness, shortness of breath, and fatigue. The goal of treatment is control of the symptoms, although the disease usually develops into congestive heart failure.

      Primary pulmonary hypertension

      illustration

    •   Normal anatomy

      Normal anatomy

      Presentation

      •  

    A Closer Look

     

    Talking to your MD

     

      Self Care

       

      Tests for Pulmonary hypertension

       
       

      Review Date: 1/30/2016

      Reviewed By: Denis Hadjiliadis, MD, MHS, Associate Professor of Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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