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Cystic fibrosis

CF

 

Cystic fibrosis is a disease that causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs, digestive tract, and other areas of the body. It is one of the most common chronic lung diseases in children and young adults. It is a life-threatening disorder.

Causes

 

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a disease that is passed down through families. It is caused by a defective gene that makes the body produce abnormally thick and sticky fluid, called mucus. This mucus builds up in the breathing passages of the lungs and in the pancreas.

The buildup of mucus results in life-threatening lung infections and serious digestion problems. The disease may also affect the sweat glands and a man's reproductive system.

Many people carry a CF gene, but do not have symptoms. This is because a person with CF must inherit 2 defective genes, 1 from each parent. Some white Americans have the CF gene. It is more common among those of northern or central European descent.

Most children with CF are diagnosed by age 2. For a small number, the disease is not detected until age 18 or older. These children often have a milder form of the disease.

 

Symptoms

 

Symptoms in newborns may include:

  • Delayed growth
  • Failure to gain weight normally during childhood
  • No bowel movements in first 24 to 48 hours of life
  • Salty-tasting skin

Symptoms related to bowel function may include:

  • Belly pain from severe constipation
  • Increased gas, bloating, or a belly that appears swollen (distended)
  • Nausea and loss of appetite
  • Stools that are pale or clay-colored , foul smelling, have mucus, or that float
  • Weight loss

Symptoms related to the lungs and sinuses may include:

  • Coughing or increased mucus in the sinuses or lungs
  • Fatigue
  • Nasal congestion caused by nasal polyps
  • Repeated episodes of pneumonia (symptoms of pneumonia in someone with cystic fibrosis include fever, increased coughing and shortness of breath, increased mucus, and loss of appetite)
  • Sinus pain or pressure caused by infection or polyps

Symptoms that may be noticed later in life:

  • Infertility (in men)
  • Repeated inflammation of the pancreas ( pancreatitis )
  • Respiratory symptoms
  • Clubbed fingers

 

Exams and Tests

 

A blood test is done to help detect CF. The test looks for changes in the CF gene. Other tests used to diagnose CF include:

  • Immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT) test is a standard newborn screening test for CF. A high level of IRT suggests possible CF and requires further testing.
  • Sweat chloride test is the standard diagnostic test for CF. A high salt level in the person's sweat is a sign of the disease.

Other tests that identify problems that can be related to CF include:

  • Chest x-ray or CT scan
  • Fecal fat test
  • Lung function tests
  • Measurement of pancreatic function
  • Secretin stimulation test
  • Trypsin and chymotrypsin in stool
  • Upper GI and small bowel series

 

Treatment

 

An early diagnosis of CF and treatment plan can improve both survival and quality of life. Follow-up and monitoring are very important. When possible, care should be received at a cystic fibrosis specialty clinic. When children reach adulthood, they should transfer to a cystic fibrosis specialty center for adults.

Treatment for lung problems includes:

  • Antibiotics to prevent and treat lung and sinus infections. They may be taken by mouth, or given in the veins or by breathing treatments. People with CF may take antibiotics only when needed, or all the time. Doses are often higher than normal.
  • Inhaled medicines to help open the airways.
  • Other medicines that are given by a breathing treatment to thin mucus and make it easier to cough up are DNAse enzyme. therapy and highly concentrated salt solutions (hypertonic saline).
  • Flu vaccine and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) yearly (ask your health care provider).
  • Lung transplant is an option in some cases.
  • Oxygen therapy may be needed as lung disease gets worse.

Lung problems are also treated with therapies to thin the mucus. This makes it easier to cough the mucus out of the lungs.

These methods include:

  • Activity or exercise that causes you to breathe deeply
  • Devices that are used during the day to help clear the airways of too much mucus
  • Manual chest percussion (or chest physiotherapy), in which a family member or a therapist lightly claps the person's chest, back, and area under the arms

Treatment for bowel and nutritional problems may include:

  • A special diet high in protein and calories for older children and adults
  • Pancreatic enzymes to help absorb fats and protein, which are taken with every meal
  • Vitamin supplements, especially vitamins A, D, E, and K
  • Your provider can advise other treatments if you have very hard stools

Ivacaftor is a medicine that treats certain types of CF. It improves the function of one of the defective genes that causes CF. As a result, there is less buildup of thick mucus in the lungs. Other CF symptoms are improved as well.

Care and monitoring at home should include:

  • Avoiding smoke, dust, dirt, fumes, household chemicals, fireplace smoke, and mold or mildew.
  • Giving plenty of fluids, especially to infants and children in hot weather, when there is diarrhea or loose stools, or during extra physical activity.
  • Exercising 2 or 3 times each week. Swimming, jogging, and cycling are good options.
  • Clearing or bringing up mucus or secretions from the airways. This must be done 1 to 4 times each day. Patients, families, and caregivers must learn about doing chest percussion and postural drainage to help keep the airways clear.

 

Support Groups

 

You can ease the stress of illness by joining a cystic fibrosis support group . Sharing with others who have common experiences and problems can help your family to not feel alone.

 

Outlook (Prognosis)

 

Most children with CF stay in good health until they reach adulthood. They are able to take part in most activities and attend school. Many young adults with CF finish college or find jobs.

Lung disease eventually worsens to the point where the person is disabled. Today, the average life span for people with CF who live to adulthood is about 37 years.

Death is most often caused by lung complications.

 

Possible Complications

 

The most common complication is chronic respiratory infection.

Other complications include:

  • Bowel problems, such as gallstones, intestinal blockage, and rectal prolapse
  • Coughing up blood
  • Chronic respiratory failure
  • Diabetes
  • Infertility
  • Liver disease or liver failure, pancreatitis, biliary cirrhosis
  • Malnutrition
  • Nasal polyps and sinusitis
  • Osteoporosis and arthritis
  • Pneumonia that keeps coming back
  • Pneumothorax
  • Right-sided heart failure (cor pulmonale)

 

When to Contact a Medical Professional

 

Call your provider if an infant or child has symptoms of CF, and experiences:

  • Fever, increased coughing, changes in sputum or blood in sputum, loss of appetite, or other signs of pneumonia
  • Increased weight loss
  • More frequent bowel movements or stools that are foul-smelling or have more mucus
  • Swollen belly or increased bloating

Call your provider if a person with CF develops new symptoms or if symptoms get worse, particularly severe breathing difficulty or coughing up blood.

 

Prevention

 

CF cannot be prevented. Screening those with a family history of the disease may detect the CF gene in many carriers.

 

 

Open References

References

Accurso FJ. Cystic fibrosis. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman's Cecil Medicine . 25th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016:chap 89.

Cutting GR. Cystic fibrosis. In: Rimoin DL, Pyeritz RE, Korf BR, eds. Emery and Rimoin's Principles and Practice of Medical Genetics . 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2013:chap 58.

Egan ME, Green DM, Voynow JA. Cystic fibrosis. In: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St Geme JW, Schor NF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics . 20th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:chap 403.

 
  • Clubbing

    Clubbing - illustration

    Clubbing may result from chronic low blood-oxygen levels. This can be seen with cystic fibrosis, congenital cyanotic heart disease, and several other diseases. The tips of the fingers enlarge and the nails become extremely curved from front to back.

    Clubbing

    illustration

  • Postural drainage

    Postural drainage - illustration

    There are 6 to 12 positions a person with pulmonary disease may take to drain mucus from a certain part of the lungs. Another person may tap in certain areas to help loosen the mucus and allow it to be coughed out. Other ways to relieve the lung congestion of cystic fibrosis or bronchiectasis include percussion vests and inhaled aerosols.

    Postural drainage

    illustration

  • Clubbed fingers

    Clubbed fingers - illustration

    Clubbed fingers is a symptom of disease, often of the heart or lungs which cause chronically low blood levels of oxygen. Diseases which cause malabsorption, such as cystic fibrosis or celiac disease can also cause clubbing.

    Clubbed fingers

    illustration

  • Cystic fibrosis

    Cystic fibrosis - illustration

    Cystic fibrosis is the most common cause of chronic lung disease in children and young adults, and the most common fatal hereditary disorder affecting white people in the United States.

    Cystic fibrosis

    illustration

    • Clubbing

      Clubbing - illustration

      Clubbing may result from chronic low blood-oxygen levels. This can be seen with cystic fibrosis, congenital cyanotic heart disease, and several other diseases. The tips of the fingers enlarge and the nails become extremely curved from front to back.

      Clubbing

      illustration

    • Postural drainage

      Postural drainage - illustration

      There are 6 to 12 positions a person with pulmonary disease may take to drain mucus from a certain part of the lungs. Another person may tap in certain areas to help loosen the mucus and allow it to be coughed out. Other ways to relieve the lung congestion of cystic fibrosis or bronchiectasis include percussion vests and inhaled aerosols.

      Postural drainage

      illustration

    • Clubbed fingers

      Clubbed fingers - illustration

      Clubbed fingers is a symptom of disease, often of the heart or lungs which cause chronically low blood levels of oxygen. Diseases which cause malabsorption, such as cystic fibrosis or celiac disease can also cause clubbing.

      Clubbed fingers

      illustration

    • Cystic fibrosis

      Cystic fibrosis - illustration

      Cystic fibrosis is the most common cause of chronic lung disease in children and young adults, and the most common fatal hereditary disorder affecting white people in the United States.

      Cystic fibrosis

      illustration

    A Closer Look

     

    Self Care

     

    Tests for Cystic fibrosis

     
     

    Review Date: 2/15/2016

    Reviewed By: Neil K. Kaneshiro, MD, MHA, Clinical Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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