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Impacted tooth

Tooth - unemerged; Unemerged tooth; Dental impaction; Unerupted tooth

 

An impacted tooth is a tooth that does not break through the gum.

Causes

 

Teeth start to pass through the gums (emerge) during infancy. This happens again when permanent teeth replace the primary (baby) teeth.

If a tooth does not come in, or emerges only partially, it is considered to be impacted. This most commonly happens with the wisdom teeth (the third set of molars). They are the last teeth to emerge. They usually come in between the ages of 17 and 21.

An impacted tooth remains stuck in gum tissue or bone for various reasons. The area may be overcrowded, leaving no room for the teeth to emerge. For example, the jaw may be too small to fit the wisdom teeth. Teeth may also become twisted, tilted, or displaced as they try to emerge. This results in impacted teeth.

Impacted wisdom teeth are very common. They are often painless and do not cause problems. However, some professionals believe an impacted tooth pushes on the next tooth, which pushes the next tooth. Eventually, this can cause a misaligned bite. A partially emerged tooth can trap food, plaque, and other debris in the soft tissue around it, which can lead to inflammation and tenderness of the gums and unpleasant mouth odor. This is called pericoronitis. The retained debris may also lead to the decay on the wisdom tooth or the neighboring tooth.

 

Symptoms

 

There may be no symptoms of a fully impacted tooth. Symptoms of a partially impacted tooth may include:

  • Bad breath
  • Difficulty opening the mouth (occasionally)
  • Pain or tenderness of the gums or jaw bone
  • Prolonged headache or jaw ache
  • Redness and swelling of the gums around the impacted tooth
  • Swollen lymph nodes of the neck (occasionally)
  • Unpleasant taste when biting down on or near the area
  • Visible gap where a tooth did not emerge

 

Exams and Tests

 

Your dentist will look for swollen tissue over the area where a tooth has not emerged, or has only partially emerged. The impacted tooth may be pressing on nearby teeth. The gums around the area may show signs of infection such as redness, drainage, and tenderness. As gums swell over impacted wisdom teeth and then drain and tighten, it may feel like the tooth came in and then went back down again.

Dental x-rays confirm the presence of one or more teeth that have not emerged.

 

Treatment

 

No treatment may be needed if the impacted tooth is not causing any problems.

Over-the-counter pain relievers may help if the impacted tooth causes discomfort. Warm saltwater (one-half teaspoon or 3 grams of salt in one cup or 240 milliliters of water) or over-the-counter mouthwashes may be soothing to the gums.

Removal of the tooth is the usual treatment for an impacted tooth. This is done in the dentist's office. Most often, it will be done by an oral surgeon. Antibiotics may be prescribed before the extraction if the tooth is infected.

 

Outlook (Prognosis)

 

Impacted teeth may cause no problems for some people and may not need treatment. Treatment is usually successful when the tooth does cause symptoms.

Having wisdom teeth removed before age 20 often has better results than waiting until you are older. This is because the roots are not yet fully developed, which makes it easier to remove the tooth and to heal better. As a person ages, the roots become longer and curved. Bone becomes more rigid, and complications can develop.

 

Possible Complications

 

Complications of an impacted tooth can include:

  • Abscess of the tooth or gum area
  • Chronic discomfort in the mouth
  • Infection
  • Malocclusion (poor alignment) of the teeth
  • Plaque trapped between teeth and gums
  • Periodontal disease on the neighboring tooth
  • Nerve damage, if the impacted tooth is near a nerve in the jaw called the mandibular nerve

 

When to Contact a Medical Professional

 

Call your dentist if you have an unemerged tooth (or partially emerged tooth) and you have pain in the gums or other symptoms.

 

 

References

Buttaravoli P, Leffler SM. Dental pain, pericoronitis. In: Buttaravoli P, Leffler SM, eds. Minor Emergencies . 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2012:chap 46.

Hupp JR. Principles of management of impacted teeth. In: Hupp JR, Ellis E, Tucker MR, eds. Contemporary Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery . 6th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby; 2014:chap 9.

 

        A Closer Look

         

          Self Care

           

            Tests for Impacted tooth

             

               

              Review Date: 2/22/2016

              Reviewed By: Michael Kapner, DDS, general and aesthetic dentistry, Norwalk Medical Center, Norwalk, CT. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

              The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997- A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.

               
               
               

               

               

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